JUNE, 1923
MEMOIR 68
CORNELL UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
THE LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES
Primitive Forms
Microlepidoptera
Pyraloids
Bombyces
WILLIAM T. M FORBES
ITHACA, NEW YORK PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY Received for publication May 18, 1920
PREFACE
The work which follows is intended primarily to make easier the recognition of the Lepidoptera of the State of New York, and to assem- ble so far as possible the known data on their life histories, whether published or in the form of notes associated with the various collec- tions. The work is, in a sense, a compilation, but largely of matter never before published. The keys, in particular, are for the most part a new venture, since for many groups of American Lepidoptera none have ever before been worked out ; even the published keys to European forms are in need of revision. I cannot hope that my keys are per- fect, but rather that, as a contribution in a new field, they may serve as a basis on which to build in the search for further knowledge.
The present contribution includes about half — the more primitive half — of the Lepidoptera. I have accumulated some data on the remainder, but it may be long before my notes are ready to publish.
My indebtedness is so general as to make a detailed acknowledgment impossible. Every one I have approached, has helped me, and this means almost every Lepidopterist and the authorities of every con- siderable museum in the eastern United States. My first and greatest debt has been to the late Dr. John B. Smith, who, at Rutgers, encour- aged me to begin such a piece of work, and gave me a great deal of valuable counsel. The signed contributions of Dr. Annette F. Braun and that of Mr. Carl Heinrich speak for themselves. No one else could have worked up the Nepticulidse, the Coleophoridse, and Lithocolletis. I have also been in almost continual consultation with them concerning many other groups where their names do not appear. I have consulted Mr. August Busck on every single group of the Tineids, and in most cases have followed his advice. I made the final draft of this memoir and prepared the drawings in the laboratories of Cornell University in 1919. I have incorporated a considerable part of the data published since that date, and have completely rewritten the section dealing with the Olethreutinse and the Pterophoridae ; but it has not been possible to make the additions complete, nor to verify the New York records and adjust them to the new work. In the most important cases these have been noted in the text.
WILLIAM T. M. FORBES Ithaca, New York June, 1923.
13]
CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface 3
Introduction 7
Variation 9
Relationships 13
Distribution 16
Structure, imago 19
Structure, larva 31
Structure, pupa 32
Synopsis of families 34
Key to families, imago 45
Key to families, larva 52
Key to families, pupa 57
Jugate 62
Micropterygidae 62
Eriocraniidse 64
Hepialidae 66
Frenatae 70
Incurvarioidea 72
Incurvariidae 72
Nepticuloidea 79
Nepticulidae (by Annette F. Braun) . . 79
Zygsenoidea 99
Megalopygidse 101
Eucleidae 102
Pyromorphidae 113
Tineoidea 115
Tineidae 116
Psychidae 140
Tischeriidae 145
Lyonetiidae 148
Opostegidse 160
Gracilariidae (Lithocolletis by Annette
F. Braun) 161
Coleophoridae (by Carl Heinrich) 202
Cycnodioidea 218
Cycnodiidae 218
Douglasiidae 224
Heliozelidse.. ... 225
PAGE
Gelechioidea 229
(Ecophoridae 230
Xylorictidae 250
Gelechiidae 255
Blastobasidae 308
Lavernidae 318
Yponomeutoidea 335
Yponomeutidae 337
Glyphipterygidae 350
Heliodinidae 356
^Egeriidae 360
Tortricoidea 375
Tortricidae 376
Phaloniidse 499
Carposinidae 513
Cossidae 516
Pyralidoidea 521
Thyrididae 521
Pyralididae 523
Pterophoridae 639
Ornepdidae 652
Uranioidea 654
Epiplemidae 654
Lacosomidae 656
Saturnioidea 659
Citheroniidae 664
Saturniidae 668
Bombycoidea 676
Eupterotidae 678
Bombycidse 679
Lasiocampidae 679
Drepanoidea 684
Thyatiridae 685
Drepanidae ' 688
Food index 693
Name index 703
[5]
LEPIDOPTEEA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
The primary purpose of this memoir is to describe the kinds of Lepi- doptera, or butterflies and moths, which occur in New York, and those which, though they have not as yet been taken in the State, belong to the same fauna, as many of these will sooner or later be found within it. And a second purpose, of nearly equal if not of greater importance, is to indicate, as briefly as practicable, the main facts in the life his- tory of each. Though monographs of certain isolated groups are avail- able, there is no work dealing comprehensively with the American forms of this interesting and economically most important order.
As a measure of economy, colored figures, bibliography, and ref- erences are omitted. These appear unnecessary since W. J. Holland, in The Moth Book1, provides colored figures of a large proportion of our more conspicuous species; while Barnes and McDunnough have a full bibliography nearly ready for the press, and Dyar's List2, already published, furnishes a convenient index to the literature.
Every part of this memoir has been made as concise as possible with- out sacrifice of clearness. For this reason two types of keys are used. The one 'in which the categories are indicated by successive indentation is most convenient for quick reference, and is employed wherever prac- ticable. In the case of very bulky keys, however, such as the keys to the families, and the one to the species of Tortricidae resembling Eucosma, a more compact arrangement has proved necessary. Descrip- tions of genera and species have been reduced to skeletons, in the man- ner customary in zoological publications. Dimensions are given in millimeters : this is the more convenient unit in the case of the small forms; in the larger it is easily remembered that 25 millimeters equals 1 inch. Dates and distributions are approximate only, but as accurate as can be given with the material at hand.
As to nomenclature, the author has followed the tradition of usage more closely than any particular code, though such rules of usage as are almost universally accepted have been followed even to the upsetting of a few familiar names. In any disputed case the more familiar name is used. Other names which have gained currency are noted in paren- theses. Names of varieties and races, so far as they appear to indicate a real difference, are noted, the more important ones in separate para- graphs, though without a number, the less important by casual phrases in the description of the species to which they belong.
' Holland, W. J. The Moth Book, p. 1-479. 1903.
1 Dyar. Harrison G. A list of North American Lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects. United States National Museum. Bui. 52: 1-723. 1902.
[7]
WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
TAXONOMY
This is not the place for a monograph on the laws of nature, but the following outline will make clearer the writer's point of view as to the status of the forms discussed.
A species is considered to be : A group of individuals separated from all others by tangible characters, breeding freely among themselves, but not with other individuals. Fifty years ago this would have been sufficient. Now that the continuity of evolution has become obvious, we must recall that at some time- any given species was coming into being, was being set off from its relatives, and was acquiring its char- acteristic property of not interbreeding with them. During such a period-, which may conceivably have been long or short, the species would be imperfectly defined; individuals would interbreed with their cousins, but more and more rarely, and with imperfect fertility; and the various strains would be acquiring adaptations to new environ- ments or climates, which would reduce the probability of intermating. And along with all this, differences of structure would be developing, distinguishing them to the human eye. In fact, many groups are now in this intermediate state, as witness the asters and the violets in the plant kingdom, and the Apanteses and the Euxoas among the Lepidoptera. Further, it is often, and in the Lepidoptera usually, unknown, to what point this isolation has reached; so we must use our best judgment in deciding what is a species and what a mere variety in any given case.
In order to make clearer the relationships of animals, species are grouped in a series of successively larger categories: genus, family, order, class, and phylum (subkingdom} , within the animal kingdom. Besides these, in groups as large and as complexly related as the insects, intermediate groupings are employed: subgenus for a group of species within a genus; subfamily, suborder, and subclass similarly. Super- family is used to designate a group of families3, and tribe for a group of closely related genera. The ' values of these categories are really arbitrary, and there has been a continual tendency to split groups; in fact, the superfamily of the present day is smaller than the genus of Linnaeus (1758). As to the genus, however, we have an imperfect criterion. Member of a single genus (on the average) produce hybrids, but sterile or of low fertility; members of different genera do not. Even here we find Nature draws no sharp lines, for, in isolated favor- able cases, hybrids have been produced between widely different animals, though such always seem destined to an early death, in an embryonic stage.
In the course of the splitting of groups just mentioned, it is the practice to preserve the original name for one of the sections into
* Some early authors call this a tribe.
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 9
which an earlier category is divided. In the case of a tribe or larger group, whose name is derived from that of a genus, the subdivision in which that genus remains holds its name. When, however, a genus is divided, a species typical of the genus is taken (the type), which shall always be included in the genus retaining the old name. In many cases the proposer of a genus has designated the type ; in others, the selection has been left to a later worker, and there is a good deal of confusion as to its selection. Thi,s confusion has been the basis of most of the changes of name of familiar insects with which the worker on Lepi- doptera is cursed.
In the present memoir we are dealing with part of a single order, the Lepidoptera, belonging to the class Insecta. The suborders, super- families, families, subfamilies, tribes, genera, subgenera, and species are all systematically arranged in the text, and need no further explanation.
VARIATION
A species is, next to an individual, the most fundamental unit of living nature ; but species themselves are not homogeneous. For inter- crossing, which tends to bring things to an average, is offset by varia- tion, which is continually producing new forms.
Although not as a rule striking, and often ill-defined, the most funda- mental subdivision of a species is the race (also called subspecies, or variety, as that word is used by many German and English workers) ; these are forms isolated by difference of locality or habitat. Races are more or less clearly defined according to the amount of intercrossing between them; and this, in its turn, is a function of both the distances involved and the mobility of individuals. Some stocks, also, appear to be inherently more variable than others. So an active species, like Vanessa cardui, has few races, though its distribution is almost world- wide; while in the case of some Lycsenas and Haploas, each patch of ground has its local form — a little race — distinct from those around it. Such minute races are known as strains. In general, races are distinguished from each other by a large number of minute characters, none of which are wholly constant, so that occasionally there will be found, in any region, forms that belong rather to some other race. Races breed true, at least so long as their environment remains constant.
Another type of variation is seasonal. Many species have more than one generation a year ; and in that case specimens from one season are often recognizably, and sometimes strikingly, different from those of another. This variation is usually a response to the weather, wholly or in part, so that it is not very rare for a form normal, perhaps, in the spring, to appear in a cold summer, or in a cold breeding cage, or even erratically if the individual larva has grown up and trans-
10 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
formed in abnormal surroundings. In the period of change from larva to pupa, specimens have been found to be most sensitive to external conditions, but the effect may be perceptible throughout larval life.
Thirdly come food-varieties, which are, perhaps, sometimes of the same nature as strains, sometimes as seasonal forms, but associated with differences in larval food. Aside from the minor cases of stunting from unfavorable food, and of exuberant growth with favorable, there is at least one case, that of Halysidota* tessellaris, where definite forms are associated with different food plants.
Mendelian forms, like races, breed true so long as pure. They do not need to be segregated locally, but act as units in inheritance. Some are dominant, their characteristics appearing in every individual that carries the factor that causes them; others are recessive, only appear- ing in those individuals that happen to inherit the proper factor from both parents. The latter, of course, may be covered up for a series of generations, and then suddenly appear as the result of a favorable mating. The details of this type of inheritance are exceedingly com- plicated, and are explained in several recent textbooks on heredity. Striking cases of inheritance of this type exist in the genus Apantesis. In A. nais it involved the black costal edge, the black-spotted collar, the black face, the red hind wings, and some other characters, each inherited independently of the others. Such Mendelian characters are supposed to have arisen by an abrupt change, or mutation, in the germ of some indi- vidual. Many cases have been studied in the Lepidoptera. Mendelian forms, as well as minor races, are often called strains on account of their tendency to breed true.
Many variations, lastly, are produced wholly or largely by external causes; and we are ignorant of the true nature of many. These are generally known as varieties ("aberrations" of Staudinger, Jordan, and their followers), or, if rare and widely different from the normal form, as aberrations.
Monstrosities are deviations in structure from the norm of a species. They may be slight, or so radical as to be incapable of continued life; and may be a result either of an inherited factor, or of some external influence in an early stage. Mere mutilations are not considered mon- strosities.
It is customary to use as the name of a species its genus and species names. The former is a noun in the singular, and of Latin form; the latter, when an adjective, is made to agree with it in gender. All names of genera are written with a capital, and in entomology it is customary nowadays to write those of all species with a small letter. To
« Thia is Hubner'g original spelling of the name, justified by ite derivation from the Greek.
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 11
this combination the name of the author who first described or figured the species is often added. For a race, its name (with that of the author if desired) is added after the species name; and for a seasonal form, or named variety, or aberration, or Mendelian form, its name is added, preferably prefixing the notation variety (abbreviated var. or v.), aberration (ab.), or form (/.), to distinguish it from a race.
As an example, to give fully the name of the early spring form of the Azure Blue we write Lyccena argiolus pseudargiolus f . lucia Kirby.
There is often uncertainty as to whether a given form is a species or a race. I have listed such forms according to what appears to me their most probable status, sometimes noting the uncertainty.
The following striking cases of variation are listed from the Lepi- doptera of our fauna :
Races (Local forms) :
Argynnis aphrodite (Atlantic), alcestis (Mississippi Valley), and cipris (Rocky Mts.).
Basilarchia astyanax (Atlantic), arthemis (Northeastern), rubro- fasciata (Northern Rockies), and arizonensis (Arizona).
Cercyonis pegala (Gulf strip), alope (Eastern), nephele (Northeast- ern), and olympus (Mississippi Valley).
Lyccena argiolus (Europe), pseudargiolus (general eastward), nigra (Appalachians), etc.
Lyccena couperi (Northern), and lygdamas (Appalachians).
Pholus satellitia (Antilles), and pandorus (Northeastern).
Hemaris tliysbe (Northern), and floridensis (Southern).
Zale lunifera (Atlantic), and lineosa (Mississippi Valley).
Automeris io (Northern), and lilith (Florida).
Eacles imperialis (Northern), and nobilis (Texas).
Seasonal forms:
Papilio marcellus (early spring), telamonides (late spring) and lecontei (summer).
Phyciodes tharos (summer), and marcia (spring).
Polygonia comma (winter), and dryas (summer).
Polygonia interrogationis (winter), and umbrosa (summer) : these two imperfectly seasonal.
Hemaris diffinis (summer), and tenuis (spring).
Lyccena pseudargiolus lucia (partly local), marginata, violacea, pseud- argiolus.
Eutrapela kentaria (spring), and glaucaria (summer).
Eutrapela alciphearia (spring), and ornata (summer).
Peronea minuta (summer), and Cinderella (winter).
12 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
Sexual forms (a few striking examples) :
Argynnis diana (male red, female blue).
Argynnis uialia (male with red marginal spots, female with white).
Chryaopkanus thoc (male purple, female red and black).
Lyc<tna pseudargiolus (female only with black border).
Lycana comyntas and scuddcri (male blue, female black).
Pieris rapcc (female with an additional spot).
Eurymus philodice and cunjtheme (female with spots in border).
Pampkila brettus and zabulon (male tawny, female black).
Callosamia promethea (male black and diurnal, female red and noc- turnal).
Automcris io (male yellow, female dark).
Eaclcs impcrialis (male with red patches, absent in female).
Estigmcne acraa (male with yellow hind wings, female white).
Apantcsis phalcrata (male writh pale hind wings, female with red).
Alypia langtonii (eastern male with two white spots on hind wing, female always with one yellow).
Tarache tcrminimacula (pattern different in sexes).
Biston quernaria (male dark and short-winged, female light and long- winged).
Erannis tiliaria (male yellow and brown, female black and white, and wingless).
Kymphula maculalis (male black and white, female normally gray).
ffymphula seminealis (male with white submarginal band).
Acroiophus mora (male blackish, female brown).
Prionoxystus robinice (male with yellow hind wing, female gray).
Prionoxystus macmurtrei (female many times larger than male).
Dimorphism not wholly sexual (so far as known, Mendelian) :
Eurymus species (white and yellow females).
Eurymus eurytheme (both sexes yellow or orange).
Pieris rapCB (white), and nov&anglice (yellow male).
Papilio turnus (yellow), and glaucus (southern black female).
Pamphila hobomok (tawny), and pocahontas (black female).
Pamphila massasoit (yellow below), and suffusa (dark below).
Apantesis nais (red and yellow females) ; also many less striking
cases in the genus. Catocala paloeogama and other species of Catocala (black-banded
forms).
Deilinea liberaria (tawny), and Helena (brown-banded). Aplodes brunnearia and bistriaria (green and brown forms). Nymphula icciusalis (yellow or brown ground). Nymphula maculalis (dark or spotted male; white or gray female).
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 13
The so-called species of Haploa, except clymene, should perhaps be put in this category.
In the west we have also the white and yellow males of Estigmene acrcea, and the yellow and black forms of Papilio polyxenes. There are many cases of dimorphic or polymorphic larvae, where the moth varies but little; the following are conspicuous cases, the alternative color being usually green and brown or black.
Dimorphic or polymorphic larva Papilio polyxenes (light or dark). Vanessa cardui (white to black). DeilephUa lineata (green, checkered, or black). Lapara harrisii (green and white, or brown). Sphecodina dbbotii (green spots on brown, or checkered). Herse cingulata (green or brown). Sphinx chersis (green or pink). Several other Sphingidae (green or brown). Tropcza luna (green or reddish head). Eacles imperialis (green, tawny and black, or black). Citheronia regalis (green, blue, brown, or rose). Acronycta (many species).
Noctua c-nigrum (brown; in summer often green). Leucania unipuncta (brown or black').
Cosymbia lumenaria (green and striped, or brown and checkered). Lygris diversilineata, and many other geometers (green or brown). Cucullia asteroides (green, or yellow and white).
Moths of high variability
Telea polyphemus (tawny, yellow, brown, or olive). Automeris io (female). Feralia jocosa (green, cream, or brown). Brotolomia iris (amount of green and purple). Lithacodia muscosula (green or gray). Metrocampa prcegrandaria (green or gray, both fading to yellow).
The instability of green and purple pigments is notable. Most species with these colors fade rapidly while still alive, sometimes even before emergence from the pupa.
RELATIONSHIPS
It is impossible to represent the true relationships of the Lepidoptera in a linear arrangement. In general, the main branches of the order have been placed according to their degree of specialization as a whole ; but where development has been in such varied directions this is a
14
WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
more or less arbitrary process. Thus the butterflies (Rhopalocera) have been placed at the end, as furthest developed of all, but the relationships of the base of their stock are clearly with the Cossidffi-
Nocfc/o/dea
Prepor?otdea Geometrrdoe
Casfai/dae
.1 Coss/cfcre
Yponomeui'oic/ea Gefech/oic/ea
Nepticu
Hepia/idae
Ertocran't'cfae
. -—
M/'cropferyyidae
MEUffOPTERA
FlG. 1. GENEAIXX3Y OF THE LEPIDOPTESIA
At the time of preparing this chart I was unable to place the Pyralidoidea. I now believe they should be derived from the Yponomcutoidea
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES
15
an undoubtedly early type; and the lowest butterflies are but little removed from the highest of the Cossid type (the tropical American and Australian Castniidae). In certain ways (as in the thoracic sclerites) even the highest butterflies show their primitive character. For such reasons some recent authors have inserted the butterflies next to the Cossidae, and have put the Euchromiidae or Noctuidae at the pinnacle of the order. It should be remembered, in any case, that each is the terminal of a long line of separate descent: and a true arrange- ment would put them side by side rather than one above the other.
The diagram (fig. 1) indicates the writer's impression of the probable relationship of the families. The Jugatae are undoubtedly an early type and approaching extinction. The Frenatae can scarcely have descended from either of the three Jugate families, but must have come from a stock with the haustellum, ovipositor, and tibial spurs of the Eriocraniidae, and the larva of the Hepialidae. The earliest type of Frenate must have been much like Incur varia, but doubtless larger, and with characters that have been lost in all the aculeate genera, but survive in the lower Tineidae, such as Acrolophus and Scardia. From such a type the Tineine superfamilies have arisen as separate branches, the Tortricoidea perhaps as another branch, or in association with the Yponomeutoidea, and the Pyraloids and higher Frenatae doubtless from a common stem with the Yponomeutoids, but diverging very early.
In a similar way, the individual superfamilies of the Macrofrenatae must have separated very early; but the Drepanoidea, Uranioidea, Saturnioidea, and Geometroidea may have hung together a short time after the Sphingidae and the Noctuoidea had become distinct.
As to the internal evolution of the superfamilies, little is clear in
most Cases, Save that the author has No/idae /Imatidae Ayanstidoe
aimed to arrange the families in order, from the more generalized to the specialized. In the noctuid group the relationship is a little clearer (fig. 2), the connection be- tween Notodontidse, Liparidae, and the remaining families being through the exotic families Hypsidae and Peri- copidae. The Hypsidae have the primitive venation of the Liparidae but have preserved the ocelli and the tongue. The Dioptidae have the tri- fid venation and the free Sc of the Notodontidae, but the tympanum is of a primitive type from which the others may be derived.
In the butterflies, the line of descent through Hesperiidae and Papili-
Lipartdae
Coct/h
A/ofodonhdae
P/opfidae
FlG. 2. GENEALOGY OF THE FAMILIES BELATED TO THE TSOCTUIDM
16 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
onidae to the Pieridae is clear, and the Nymphalidae are certainly a direct offshoot of the Pieridee; but the attachment of the Lycsenidfie is
less certain.
DISTRIBUTION
The life zones of New York and the adjacent States are :
1. Arctic-alpine 4. Alleghanian or Transition
2. Hudsonian 5. Carolinian or Upper Austral
3. Canadian 6. Austroriparian or Lower Austral
In northeastern North America, the Arctic-alpine zone is confined to the true Arctic region and the tops of the White Mountains of New Hampshire. The Green Mountains, . the Adirondacks, Mt. Katahdin, the Catskills, and even some lesser peaks have stray alpine species, but south of the Catskills there are none. The bleak coast of Lab- rador belongs to this zone, but the inland shows the wooded character of the Hudsonian zone.
The Hudsonian zone is marked by an average midsummer tem- perature of about 50° to 57°F., and by the dominance of fir, spruce, and tamarack. It covers the continent from the Laurentians north, and shows on the higher levels of all our mountains, even south to North Carolina. Characteristic of its northern portion are Brenthis montinus, Polygonia gracilis, and Alypia langtonii. South of the Mohawk Valley its Lepidoptera have not been recognized as distinct from the Canadian forms.
The Canadian zone has an average temperature of 57° to 64°F , and also is a great area of conifer forest, but one readily giving place to many deciduous trees. While characteristic of Canada and north- ern Maine, the most fully cultivated parts of Canada, including the sheltered inner half of Nova Scotia and all of Quebec and Ontario south of the Saguenay and Laurentians district, belong to a warmer area. South of Canada, most of the mountains of New England and New York, as well as all the cooler summits of the Appalachians, belong to this zone. The peat bogs and swamps at lower levels often show the fauna of this zone, especially where tamarack and the heaths (Labrador tea, etc.) are dominant, rather than the southern white cedar. Characteristic Lepidoptera are Basilarchia arthemis, (which runs into the Transition), Chrysophanus epixanthe, Pieris oleracea (form- erly wide spread in the Transition also), Eurymus interior, Polygonia faunus, and others.
The Transition, or Alleghanian, zone is typical of New York, and the data of seasons and broods are designed especially to apply to this district. In this zone deciduous trees are quite as common as con- ifers, and the northern beech and southern chestnut overlap. It can hardly be said to have a special flora and fauna, but only a special
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 17
combination of forms. It covers the area with a summer temperature of 64° to 72°, or a total growing heat (sum of daily excesses over 43°) of 10,000° to 11,500°F.
The Upper Austral, or Carolinian, zone has a summer temperature range of 72° to 79°, or a total growing heat of 11,500° to 18,000 °F. It is the most northern area for many characteristic species: Papilio marcellus (and its food, the papaw), cresphontes, philenor, Pieris pro- todice, Eurema nicippe, Euptoieta claudia, Chlorippe clyton and celtis (with Celtis, their food) and others, besides a large number of skippers.
The most striking of the characteristic moths are Herse cingulata, Phlegethontius sexta, and Citheronia regalis. Besides a part of the Mississippi Valley, it embraces the extreme southern part of Ontario and the Great Lakes strip of New York; but on the Atlantic Coast it is more restricted, including the major part of Virginia and Mary- land and sending long arms along the coast and up the rivers. Dis- tinctively Austral forms even reach Albany on the Hudson, Spring- field on the Connecticut, and Boston along the coast. Part of the Austral species named are strong flyers, and also appear sporadi- cally far out of their range, where they rarely or never breed.
The lower Austral zone, or Austroriparian, scarcely enters the region under discussion, but can be considered to include the coast of Virginia, and possibly isolated points in Maryland, and Cape May, New Jersey. Its summer temperature is over 79 °F., and its total heat is 18,000°. Most probably in this case the total heat is the controlling factor.
Only a few lower Austral species are recorded in this monograph, either those that are particularly striking or those that have been often reported as strays in the North. In fact, our part of the area has scarcely been studied.
South. of this there is a series of tropical zones, which do not con- cern us.
The control of humidity is, in our region, less striking, as it limits itself mainly to the setting off of the very damp off-shore islands, where ground vegetation is rank and trees are often gnarled and stunted. This strip has been so changed by man — largely through fires and sheep pasturing — that it is no longer possible to say what its natural stock was ; but it is particularly marked by a wide north- ward range of species otherwise sub-tropical, like the Prenes and Prionapteryx nebulifera, mixing side by side with the boreal forms. This is perhaps because the blanket of fog masks the severity of the winters; an effect that reaches an extreme on Nantucket, whose indigenous Lepidoptera have now largely disappeared because of sheep pasturing.
18 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
There is a marked difference between the Mississippi Valley forms and those of the Atlantic Slope, but this may be due as much to the barrier of the Appalachians as to any difference in climate. This subdivision shows clearly only in the Transition and Upper Austral xones. West of our territory there is an arid subdivision, which invades Illinois in a few isolated stations. The sand region of the Coast and in the vicinity of Albany and Peru, New York, forms a sort of artificial arid subdivision, where live a few characteristic western species. The Synedas may be examples; also Plagiomimicus and its relatives.
The control of physical barriers is best marked by the confining of the colder-zone insects in New York to certain of the higher peaks, and by the wider barriers of the St. Lawrence Plain (which stops Ccen- onynpha inornata, for instance) and the Mohawk Valley, which is per- haps the barrier for typical Pieris oleraca, and marks a varietal differ- ence in certain geometers. These barriers, like that of humidity, are much less effective with us than in the Western States.
Distribution may also be viewed on a much smaller scale. Each spot, or station, where a colony of a species occurs, has its own peculiar characteristics of moisture and average temperature, and its own surrounding barriers, more or less effective: of these factors moisture is the most obvious variable, but fog or sunlight, close or easily drained soil, high or low water-table, each has an effect at least on the available food-plants and on the possibilities of pupation of the insect. Standing water has its own characteristic types (largely Xymphulinae), and even running water has its peculiar species (Elophila fulicalis). Characteristic of the swamps are many Noctuids, a large part of them recognizable by their striated wings, simulating dead grass or reeds; as, for example, Leucania pallens and the Borolia group, the Nonagrias and their kin, Senta, Ommatostola, and Euchalcia venusta, as well as the species of Prenes, Ghrysophanus epixanthe, Darapsa versicolor (which can only transform in wet moss), the Raphipteras, Epimartyria, and many others. Dry, open fields are relatively barren of Lepidoptera, but even they are the principal home of the CrambinaB.
It is a general rule that species in their most favorable local condi- tions will range far beyond their principal zone, and at optimum conditions of temperature will invade abnormal types of environment. This doubtless explains the curious mixture of northern and southern types, for instance, in the peat-bogs, where such arctic genera as CEneis find their only chance in the Canadian zone, and where the typically southern Exyras invade New England. So also the Nymphulinae, which are richly developed in the tropics, find protection from the frost only in our ponds and streams, where they winter below the ice.
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES
19
Antenna — shaft
Pedicel Vertex ' Scape
STRUCTURE Imago
The head (fig. 3) bears a pair of antennae, normally long and con- spicuous, a large, minutely facetted compound eye on each side, in many cases with a minute simple eye, or ocellus, just above it ; and the mouth parts, which include the labrum, a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae, and the labium.
The antenna is composed of a large number of segments, most often from twenty to fifty. The basal segment, the scape (fig. 3), is much larger than the others; the second, or pedicel, contains a peculiar sense or- gan; and the remaining seg- \ X^BRRSHT^N ">o«iP« ments comprise the flagellum. Frequently the distal seg- ments of the flagellum are thicker and shorter, forming a club (figs. 5 to 7). In this case the slender part of the antenna is the shaft. The club is usually without scales on the under side, even when the shaft is fully scaled, and varies in form and structure. In the primitive forms the club is fusiform (fig. 4) gradually thickening and as gradually tapering to a point. It may be bent in the middle, or hooked, as in the skippers (fig. 5), and the hook may vary in stout- ness and length, and in the number of segments involved. The higher butterflies, which have no hook, often show, by the asymmetry of the terminal segments, how the hook has become vestigial. In some forms the club is not sharply set off from the shaft (as in Feniseca), and in a few Satyrids its past existence is indicated only by an abrupt change in the color of the flagellum. Antennae which are not clubbed usually taper to a point; those which have lost a club usually end bluntly.
The normal antenna is partly clothed with scales, which typically form two rings about each segment or two bands on the dorsal side (fig. 8), but always leave more or less extensive sensory areas covered with minute hairs, which by contrast appear naked. In many lower forms these bare areas are inconspicuous, but as a rule the under half, more or less, of each segment is naked. Lepidoptera with clubbed
FlQ. 3. SIDE VIEW OF HEAD (THOLEBIA REVERSAUB )
20
WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
antennae usually have the shaft completely scaled, and the sensory area confined to the club, which it may completely cover. In this case there are often special areas marked by pits or grooves separated by longitudinal ridges, and containing special structures. When each
4 segment has a quadrangular exten-
•""'' -....mid .'^ sion on the under side covered with
these sensory hairs, the antenna is called laminate or prismatic (fig. 12) ; when the segments are extended side- ways in little teeth, the antenna is serrate (fig. 8) ; and when there are long branches, it is pectinate, or, in extreme cases, plumose (feathered). If there is but one series of such branches, it is unipectinate (a rare condition) ; if there are two, it is bi- pectinate (fig. 9), and when each segment bears two pectinations or branches in each row, it is doubly bipectinate, as in the Luna moth and its kin, (fig. 10). In doubly bipec- tinate antennae the pectinations are often alternately long and short, or thick and thin. Where there is a long, strong pair of bristles on each segment, the antenna is ciliate or
«, ru.-uorm; o. uiuuueu aiiu uooKeu: -, • ,7 j fn -\-\\ '£ J.T, -L • 4.1 6, 7, clubbed; 8, serrate and fascicu- bristled (fig. 11) ; if the bristles come late, dorsal view; 9, bipectinate; 10, in distinct tufts, it IS fasciculate, but
doubly bipectinate; 11, simple and cil- if they are numerous and scattered iate; 12, laminate or prismatic, side eveniy jt js pubescent (fig. 87).
In many sphinx moths, especially
males, the bristles are in two vertical rows on each side of each seg- ment, whose tips curve and meet so as to seem to form loops. The scales on the antenna usually form two transverse rows on each seg- ment (fig. 46) ; sometimes they are scattered (fig. 48) ; and in the Saturniidae and many butterflies they are either wholly absent, or fugi- tive, except on the two basal joints.
The eyes vary in size and shape. Typically they are circular in side view (fig. 3), and about as wide as the distance between the two eyes as seen in a front view. Often the eyes are much narrower, and much higher than wide (elliptical, fig. 271) or even concave on the posterior margin (reniform). In the Lycaenidae they appear as if cut
FlGS. 4-12. TYPES OF ANTENNJE
4, Fusiform; 5, clubbed and hooked;
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES
21
off behind, and there is a slight notch in the upper front side, where the antenna arises. Often there are minute straight hairs arising
between the facets, in which case the eye is called hairy (fig. 14). A lashed eye is one in which bristles arise around the edge and curve over it (fig. 15), especially in front below the antennae, and behind. The facets are usually finer and more numerous in noc- turnal forms.
The simple eyes, or ocelli (fig. 3), when present, lie
FIG. 13. FRONTAL VIEW OF LOWER PART OF HEAD,behind the rQ()t Qf the fln. DIAGRAMMATIC mi
tenn83. They vary in size
and in distance from thr eye, and are often absent, as in all butterflies.
The portion of the head between the eyes in front is the front, called
clypeus or clypeus posterior by some entomologists (figs. 3, 13), and
Epipharynx
13
FlG. 14. HAIRY EYE
(HIGH MAGNIFICA- TION)
15
FlG. 15. LASHED EYE (MODER- ATE MAGNIFICATION)
the sharp projecting ridge along its lower boundary is the true clypeus. The head between the eyes above is the vertex; and the back of the head, behind the eyes and ocelli, is the occiput (fig. 3).
The labrum of the imago (fig. 13) is a three-lobed structure. The middle lobe merely closes the space between the bases of the maxillae; the two lateral lobes are the pilifers, and project across the base of the tongue, each bearing a tuft or row of bristles, which provide important characters in the classification of the Sphingidaa.
"The mandibles are almost always rudimentary or absent, difficult to find, and unimportant (fig. 49). In Epimartyria alone there are regu- lar biting mandibles ; but in a dried specimen they are usually difficult to see without dissection.
22
WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
Each maxilla (save in Epimartyria ) consists mainly of a slender, coiled portion, the galca (figs. 37, 49). The base of the maxilla in many cases bears a two- to four-jointed sensory organ on the outer side, the maxillary palpus. The two maxilla? are grooved on their inner sides and hooked together to form a hollow sucking tube. Together they are known as the tongue.
The tongue may vary in size and stiffness. When it is shorter than the head in slender moths, or shorter than the thorax in heavy and strong ones, it is considered rudimentary in systematic work, as it is in the Pyralids if it is not large enough to show between the palpi when coiled up. It has sensory bristles at the tip and often bears scales at the base, but as a rule the base is naked. In certain noctuids, as Alabama argillacca, the bristles at the tip form a rasping organ with which the rinds of fruits can be pierced. A few moths lack the tongue. The maxillary palpi are conspicuous and five-jointed in the lowest moths, and are folded at rest, being more or less movable. As one goes up the scale they become smaller, till in our Noctuidge they are mere microscopic, scaly tufts, and in the butterflies and the Greo- metridae they are unrecognizable.
The labial palpi, often called merely the palpi, arise on each side behind the base of the tongue (in the lower forms from a small labium,
'6
FlO. 10. LATERAL VIEW OF THORAX, DENUDED, WITH WINGS AND LEGS BEHOVED
Al, alula of hind wing; B, entrance to tympanic bulla; Cx, coxa; Epm, epimeron; Eps, episternum; M, meron; n. scl.. nodular sclerite of tympanum; 2P, 3P, paraptera (3P is the "subalar sclerite"); psc, prescutum; scl, scutellum; set, scutum (sctj is the patagium) ; ISp, spiracle of first segment of abdomen] S, sternum (thorax) ; ISt, sternite of iirst segment of abdomen; Tg, tegula; tgA, tegular arm; tpl, tergo- pleural groove; Tymp, membrane of tympanum; Wp, wing process of pleurites; (The subscript numbers, 1, 2, 3, indicate the segments of the thorax)
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 23
in the higher ones directly from the surface of the head), and extend forward on each side of the base of the tongue. They are composed of three joints, and are densely clothed with scales, which are usually thicker on the upper and especially the lower side than on the lateral faces, giving them a more or less blade-like form. If the palpi extend nearly straight forward, they are called porrect ; if the scaling on the end of the second joint ends abruptly with a slight tuft, they are clavate (fig. 244). In the Tineidaa they usually have strong bristles besides the scales and soft hair; but this is rarely the case in higher families of moths.
The thorax (fig. 16) is composed of three segments, prothorax, meso- thorax, and metathorax, each provided with a pair of legs, and the last two each with a pair of wings. The legs (fig. 17) are segmented, the seg- ments being, named in order beginning at the base: coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and five tarsal segments. The coxae of the middle and hind legs are partly fused with the body and divided into an anterior part, the true coxa, and the posterior part, the meron, by a suture. The tro- chanter is minute. The femur is rarely modified but often bears long hairs, even when the rest of the leg is scaled. In the males of the Catocala group, there is a minute spine, the gonyodon, on the apex of the fore femur.
The fore tibia bears a leaf-like structure on its inner side, the epiphysis; this is clothed with stiff bristles, and serves mainly to clean
17
FlG. 17, 18. LEGS A1TD FOOT
Legs: Cl, claw; Cx, coxa; Ep, epiphysis; F, femur; Gony. gonyodon; Sp, spurs; Tar, tarsus; Tb, tibia; Tr, trochanter
Foot: Cl, claw; Par, paronychium; Pv, pulvillus; 5 Tar, body of fifth segment of tarsus
the tongue and antennae. The higher butterflies and a very few moths have lost the epiphysis. The tibia also sometimes bears one or more enlarged spines or claws at the tip. The mid and hind tibiae have a pair of spurs at the tip — scaled, spine-like structures articulating with
24 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
the tibia. The hind tibiae have a second pair, usually near or below the middle.
In many butterflies and Noctuidae the tibiae bear spines similar to those on the tarsus, but less regularly arranged. Males frequently have tufts of sex-hairs, and in many cases the tibia is grooved to pro- tect them. On the hind legs of many Ennomid geometers, the tibia is largely hollow and the tuft almost completely enclosed, though its point of attachment is regularly on the exterior.
The last five segments constitute the tarsus, or foot, the most basal being the metatarsus. This segment is usually much larger than the other four, and occasionally bears special tufts or spines. The final segment (fig. 18) ends in two articulated and curved claws, and an adhesive pad between them, the pulvillus. On the inner side of each claw, toward the pulvillus, there is often a sensory membrane, the paronychium. These are large and conspicuous in the Sphingidae, and are often forked. The pulvillus is rarely minute or absent.
The tarsal segments are also armed with smaller spines, which usually form three or four rows on the ventral surface, but sometimes are dorsal also, or gathered into tufts at the tips of the segments. They are sometimes concealed in the scaling, though rarely absent. Often they are wanting on the base of the metatarsus and are differently arranged on the last segment. In the family Nymphalidae, the fore legs are reduced and not used for walking. They have no claws and the segments are more or less fused, but the general appearance of a leg is retained. The male carries the reduction slightly further than the female. The Erycinidae and Libytheinas show less reduction in the male and none in the female: in their males the tarsus is very small and without claws, and the tibia extends beyond its insertion as a sort of claw. In the males of the Lycasnidae the fore legs are still less reduced; while the leg has lost its claws, it is functional, ending either in a single claw-like spine or a group of spines. In the Hermimin» the leg is more curiously modified in the male, although perfectly nor- mal in the female. The coxa may be very long and movable (it is never as closely fused with the body in the fore leg as in the middle and hind ones). The trochanter is sometimes lengthened. The femur tends to be weak, the tibia and first joint of the tarsus, either or both, may be hollowed out to a mere shell, enclosing enormous tufts of hair; and the tarsus is sometimes minute. The leg as a whole may be enlarged or reduced. Many moths, especially geometers, bear a tuft of fine hair at the junction of the hind tibia and femur, or on the tibia near the base; this is also often contained in a hollow in the tibia, and in some cases is lost at copulation. In the Acidaliinae the tibia may be much enlarged to enclose it, or may be reduced, even to an extreme, while
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES
25
the tarsus in these cases is usually reduced. In several exotic Acidaliinse one of the spurs bears a comb which seems to be used in handling this tuft. Some species of Ptychopoda (Eois) have almost completely lost the hind legs. These modifications are confined to males, or are carried much further in males than in females. Besides these features spurs are often reduced or lost, and occasionally (Leucania, Nematocampa) modified in form. In the lower Tineina the tibial spines are represented by long, slender, but stiff bristles which may be either in regular rows or irregular. In some cases, as in Nepti- cula and Acrocercops, tibial spines are a conspicuous feature, but in the CEcophoridse and others they seem to intergrade with the ordinary hairs. In some Sphingidse and Plusias the spines at the base of the tarsus may form a distinct comb (fig. 17, middle leg).
The wings (fig. 19) are usually more or less triangular, the three
Intercalated CeU
Accessory Cell
Apex
Hume: Angle
Apex
Outer Margin
(3dA)
FIG. 19. WINGS (ACROLOPHUS POPEANELLUS <$)
C, costa; Sc, subcosta; R, radius; Rj, R^, R3, R,, RB, branches of radius ;Ra radial sector (usually merely labelled R in the hind wing) ; M, media; M1} M2, M3, branches of media; Cu, cubitua; Cut, CUo, branches of cubitus; 1st A, 2dA, first and second anal veins; 3dA, third anal vein; 3d A,, 3dA2, branches of third anal vein (3dA, of the hind wing is usually merely labelled 3dA) ; f.br., frenulum-brace (humeral) ; arc., arculus; S, sectorial cross-vein; r-m, radio-medial cross-vein; m, medial cross- vein; m-cu, medio-cubital cross-vein; udc, upper discocellular vein (in this case the same as r-m) ; mdc, middle discocellular vein (in this case portions of Mj and M2) ; Idc, lov. -.T discocellular vein (in this case M and a portion of M3) ; fren., frenulum; f .h., frenulum hook
26 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
sides, costa, outer (or hind), and inner margin, and the three angles, base, apex, and anal angle, being indicated in the figure. Sometimes the inner margin of the fore wing is extended out near the base, form- ing a basal angle, or the costa of the hind wing may be similarly extended, forming a humeral angle. The wing is stiffened with a regular pattern of hollow rods, the veins, which are important when the wing is expanding, besides serving to stiffen the mature wing. These veins have a definite arrangement, based on that of the pupal tracheae around which they form (see the figures). From the base of the wing there run out costal, subcostal, radial, medial, cubital, and some anal main stems. Of these the costa is simple and forms the front edge of the wing; the sub cost a may be simple, but in a few low forms it forks once at the tip. The radius forks normally into five branches, primitively as shown in figure 40 but in various ways in the higher forms. Often part of these branches are lost, and in a few of the lowest species the first branch forks again (fig. 36). Media is three-branched, but usually the base of it is lost, and the branches are variously attached to the stems of radius and cubitus ; when one is attached to cubitus, the latter is called trifid (fig. 425), when two, quadrifid (fig. 427), the upper median being always free or attached to radius. The middle branch of media, sometimes called the independent, is often weak or lost. Cubitus is two-branched, and is a very constant feature. The anals are somewhat uncertain in origin, but usually appear in low Frenatse as three radiating veins, the first running along the principal concave fold of the wing. The first anal disappears in higher forms, leaving only the fold ; the second is persistent ; and the third tends to grow short in the hind wing, and to join its tip to the second, or even to disappear, in the fore wing. In the Jugatse (figs. 31, 36, 40) the arrangement is more complex and not fully understood. This descrip- tion, intended mainly for the fore wing, applies also to the hind wing of the Jugatae. In the hind wing of the others the radius is only two-branched, and the upper branch fuses more or less, often almost completely, with subcosta, as indicated by the lettering of the earlier figures. Commonly Sc+Rj is merely marked Sc, and Rs, merely R. Besides these veins, which are based on tracheae, there are certain cross- veins; the humeral (h.) at the base of the costa, often pushed to the base of the wing and so lost; the sectorial (s.), running across between the third and fourth branches of radius, and so enclosing the accessory cell, often lost by the fusion of the veins at that point; and the dis- corellular, running more or less irregularly from radius across media to cubitus, enclosing the discal cell (" cell ") between it and the base of the wing, and supplying an attachment for the branches of media when the base of media is lost. The arculus (arc.) connects the media and the cubitus at the base of the wing, but shows clearly only in the
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 27
fore wing of the Jugatae; and there is occasionally a cross- vein in the anal region. The discocellular is divided into four parts by the three branches of media : upper, middle, and lower discocellulars (udc., mdc., Idc.), and the false base of media-three (m-cu.)- In the hind wing the humeral is usually replaced by a short spur from the base of the subcosta, which may not reach the margin.
The Jugatse have a special lobe on the inner margin of the fore wing, the jugum (fig. 40). In the Hepialidae this slips under the hind wing in flight and helps the wings to work together.6 In the others it over- lies the hind wing and is sometimes called a fibula. In most cases the wings are attached to each other by a bristle or group of bristles, the frenulum, which is attached to the base or the humeral angle of the hind win&. The frenulum either runs through a hook, the frenulum hook, attached to Sc near the base of the fore wing ; or under a tuft of scales, the retinaculum, spreading up fanlike from near the base of Cu. The male almost invariably has a single frenulum running through a hook; the female has usually several bristles (the approximate number char- acteristic of the family) held merely by a retinaculum. In several groups (some Pyralididae, some Pterophoridae, ^Egeriidae, Euteliinae) the freuulum of the female is also simple, but the hook is represented at most by a second tuft of scales. In many forms there is no attach- ment between the wings, which merely overlap; in a very few (.^Egeriidae, Pterophoridae) the inner margin of the fore wing and the costa of the hind wing bear series of recurved spines, which interlock (fig. 223), the hamuli.
In the males of many species the wings bear scent glands. Sometimes these are merely scattered, associated with special scales, the androconia, which are designed to spread the scent, (as in Pieris and Eurymus). Frequently there are structures developed for their protection; as, for instance, the pocket on Cu in Danaus, on the inner margin in Carsia, the folded inner margin of many Olethreutes (fig. 266), of Lobophora and Heterophleps, and so on. The costal edge is particularly apt to be folded over, forming the costal fold (fig. 265, 306), and this may contain a large tuft or mass of androconia, as in a large part of our Hesperiinae and Tortricidae. In some instances the secreting area is clothed with special scales, forming a stigma (fig. 249). This is usually easy to see, but in such forms as Cercyonis and a few Pamphilas it is easiest to moisten the wings with chloroform or benzine and hold the butterfly to the light. When not specially noted, the location of a stigma is the upper side of the fore wing below the cell, in the Satyrinse and Hesperiidae, or at the end of the cell as in Thecla.
*A somewhat similar lobe occurs on the hind wing of some male Geometridse and Tortricidse (fig. ? but probably with the function of a scent organ.
28 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
Two other structures on the thorax are occasionally of importance in some species. The dorsal part of the prothorax may be extended in a pair of mushroom-shaped bodies, the patagia, or, taken together, the collar. Sometimes they are called tegulas (fig. 16, sctj. They are only conspicuous in the Noctuoidea, and even there are so buried in vestiture as to appear merely part of the general body surface. The true tegulcR (sometimes called patagia) are attached at the base of the fore wing and loop about it, covering the base of the costa and the whole articulation (fig. 16, tg.). The part of the mesothorax exposed between the tegulae is the disc. The metathorax is narrow above, widening a little to support the wings, and bears the basal hair. The general surface of the thorax is divided into a considerable number of sclerites, as in other insects ; but as they are^ little used in classi- fication, the figure is sufficiently explanatory.
To study the surface it must be denuded of scales and hairs. The back of the insect, above the level of the wings, is the dorsum or tergum, and its sclerites are tergites (set, scl) ; the sides from wings to legs, are pleura, composed of pleurites (eps, epm, etc.), and the lower side, between the legs, is the venter, made up of sternites (s).
The abdomen is normally composed of ten segments, several of which are usually concealed, and it bears at its end the sexual organs, the most conspicuous of which, in the male, are the valves, a pair of claspers for holding the female; and, in the female, the ovipositor, or instru- ment for placing the eggs.
The abdomen may be divided like the thorax into dorsum, pleura, and venter, though in the absence of legs and wings the boundaries may seem a bit arbitrary. The membrane on the sides is considered to represent the pleura. On the first segment there is however a deep groove, the tergo-pleural groove (fig. 16, tpl.), and a small pleurite below it. Scent-tufts occur on the abdomen in many males, especially near the base in the Noctuidas and near the apex in the Geometridae. They are usually retractile in pockets when not in use, and are rarely seen expanded. Those near the tip of the abdomen (on the seventh segment) are called coremata.
In the males of most species there are eight visible segments. The body of the ninth (fig. 20) is reduced to a ring, the tergite of which is the tegumen, and its sternite the saccus or vinculum. Attached to the junction of tegumen and saccus is the valve (harpe), the name of which indicates a common form. The valve may be composed of a thickened dorsal edge, or costa, a central part, the valvula, or valve proper, and a lower part which is strongly curved and spoon-like, the sacculus. Lying in the middle line between the valves is the penis, or
LEPIDOPTEBA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES
29
c&dcBagus, which is retractile, and often works through a ring, the juxta. Its reversible lining is often armed with spines, known as cornuti. The furca, a curious fork or simple spine in some Ennomids, is formed from the lower part of the juxta and may resemble an additional ventral valve. Its two halves are often separate. Besides these parts there is a great variety of secondary struc- tures, of which the most important are the clasper, a hook developed on the inner face of the valve, and the peniculus, a hairy prominence aris- ing from the edge of the tegumen above the valve.
The end of the valve, especially in the ^Noctuidse, often bears a row or mass of recurved spines, the co- rona (fig. 21). A finger-like process on the dorsal edge of the valve is a digitus, one on the ventral edge a pollex, and one near the base on the inner face (generally hairy) is the editum (dorsally) or clavus (at- tached to the sacculus) . When the clasper is divided, as in Acronycta, its dorsal arm is the ampulla.
The tenth segment is further reduced. Its dorsal part is the uncus, which is most often a strong hook, but may be divided or reduced to
Sacculus
20
FlG. 20. TYPICAL MALE GENITALIA, SIDE VIEW (EUBAPHE -OSTENTA)
Corona Anal Spines (Pollex)
21
to see without dissection.
Clasper /^
PlO. 21. VALVE OF MALE GENITALIA ( HADETTA DEVASTATRIX)
a plate, which in some forms is indistinguishably fused with the tegu- men or scaphium; on each side it frequently bears a small appendage,
30
WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
the socius, which is conspicuous in the Thyatiridse and the Hemitheinse. The ventral part of the segment, when it appears at all, forms a plate between the anal tube and the penis, known as the transatilla, in many cases articulated with the base of the valves.
The end of the intestine is commonly a long tube, in many species strengthened by the scaphium above and the subscaphium below. Whether these structures represent the eleventh segment is an open question. They may be simple bands or plates, or they may bear spines or be of striking forms. The gnathos is a partially free subscaphium articulating directly with the uncus.
22
FlO. 22. TYPICAL FEMALE GENITALIA (LEUCANIA FALLENS).
In most females the abdomen has seven visible segments (fig. 22). The eighth and ninth segments are retracted within the seventh and are, for the major part, composed of membrane. On the ventral surface of the eighth seg- ment is the vagina, with a chitinous plate below it. The remainder of the segment is, in most cases, a short cylin- der. The ninth segment is divided into two lobes between which lie the anus and the opening of the oviduct.
23
FlG. 23. HEAD OF LARVA WITH SET.*: NUMBERED BY DYAR's SYS- TEM (RIGHT) AND HEINRICH'S
SYSTEM ( LEFT )
Ad1; Ado, Ad3, Anterodorsal setae of epicranium; adf1; adf2, adf ren- tal setae; Ant, antenna; Cl, cly- peus; Ep, epicranium; Ft, front; F1? its seta; Lt, lateral seta of epicranium; Lm, labrum; md, mandible; d, 02, 03, ocellar setae of epicranium; Pd1; Pd,,, postero- dorsal setae of epicranium; So1; So2, So3, subocellar setae of epi- cranium
The usual condition is shown in figure 22.
The four most primitive families show a different structure. In the case of the Micropterygidae there are eight fully developed seg- ments, and the ninth and tenth are invaginated within the eighth, the tenth segment being fairly well developed (fig. 34). The Eriocraniidffi and the Incurvariidas have a complex piercing ovipositor, whose struc-
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 31
ture is shown in the figure of Eriocrania (fig. 38). The Hepialidae have nine segments, but the structure is complex and not fully under- stood.
Larva
The caterpillars show the same essential structures and appendages as do the imagoes, but they are very different in development. As a rule, only the head is chitinized, the skin of the body being thin and flexible. The major part of the head (fig. 23) is composed of a pair of sclerites, the epicrania. Between these, on the face, lies the front, which is in most instances triangular and rarely reaches the top of the head. Between the front and epicrania there are two very narrow sclerites, the adfrontals, in some works called the paraclypeals. Below the front is a third narrow sclerite, the clypeus. The lower half of this, more or less, is composed of membrane. On the under side of the head there are two small triangular sclerites, the postgenw.
The antenna are very short and small, and lie immediately above the mandibles, which are the principal structures associated with the mouth. In front of the mandibles there is a flap, the lab rum (fig. 24), which serves as an upper lip. Behind the mandibles there is a second, somewhat thicker flap which functions as a lower lip. It is composed of the fused maxillae, and labium. It is complex in structure and but little used in classifica- tion. The eyes are represented by six small, separate ommatidia, located in a group low down on the side of the head, as shown in figure 232. There are a con- siderable number of setce which are con- FIG. 24. LABKUM, THE SET.E stant in number and position in any given NUMBEEED ACCORDING TO FOBBES'S species. A typical arrangement of these £™ (•") AHD HEINRICH'S
T • n r\c\ mi "* QlliiM { L,Cjt! 1 I
is shown in figure 23. There are two T , , , , , ., __
n T • ,1 mi *t* 1*2. L3, lateral setae; M,, M.2,
methods of designating the setae. Tnejj^ median setse right side of the figure is labeled accord- ing to the method most often used in the past, while the left side bears the system recently proposed by Heinrich.
The body is composed of thirteen distinct segments, three belonging to the thorax, and ten to the abdomen. The ninth segment of the abdo- men is, in most cases, much smaller than the others. The prothorax bears a sclerite on its dorsal surface known as the cervical shield (shown in the diagrams at the head of each family). The setae on the side are arranged in two groups, called the prespiracular, and the sub- ventral, warts. Each of the segments of the thorax bears a small leg
32
WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
which shows the usual segments, coxa, femur, tibia, and tarsus; but all are very small, and the tarsus is composed of a single segment and ends in a single claw. The abdomen is without true legs, but the third to sixth and last segments bear membranous prolegs, which may have, at the tip, a series of hooks, or crotchets. There are spiracles on the eide of the first segment of the thorax and the first eight of the abdo- men. In many caterpillars, especially aquatic forms, the last spiracle lies on the dorsum and faces backward, as shown in the figure of Car- posina (fig. 293). The body, as a rule, bears a regular arrangement of seta? on each segment. These setae are designated by numbers, as shown in the figures, and are known as primaries; when there are a small number of additional setae, they are known as sub primaries (rigs. 434, 439) ; a large number, indefinite in position, are called secondaries (fig. 405). In certain families, in place of single setae in the primary positions, the tubercles from which the hairs arise are grouped in warts, each bearing a tuft of setae (fig. 406). In this case the caterpillar is spoken of as having tufted hair.
The hooks on the prolegs also show a definite arrangement (figs. 25 to 28). If those of a series are all of the same length, or regularly graded in length, they are called uniordinal; when alternately of two lengths, biordinal; and when of three lengths, triordinal. If there are one or more rows of rudimentary hooks at the base of the functional ones, the arrangement is called multiserial. The series of hooks may be arranged either in one or two transverse bands, a longitudinal band, or an ellipse which is usually broken at one or two points. In very FIGS. 25-28. HOOKS OF rare cases, when there is a longitudinal band PBOLEGS, TYPICAL AEEANGE- on the inner face of the proleg, there is a MENTS . . , weaker band, or some scattered hooks, on the
25, umordmal, umsenal; „ ' .
26, biordinal; 27, trior- outer face. Fracker calls this arrangement a dinal; 28, multiserial pseudodrcle.
Pupa
The pupa, or chrysalis (fig. 29), also shows all the structures char- acteristic of an insect. All the appendages, however, are folded back on the body and may be soldered to it. The most conspicuous append- ages are the wings, which lie on either side of the venter, at the front end of the body. The hind wings are almost completely covered by the fore wings, but a small portion of their posterior edges may show. On the midventral line lies the tongue, and between the tongue and the
ScEjr
GlEye
wings are the first two pairs of legs and the antenna. The mesothorax and metathorax are easily recognized by their attach- ment to the, wings. The prothorax lies immediately' in front of them, and the remainder of the front of the body belongs to the head. In many species this is divided, by transverse sutures, into two or three sclerites. The mouth is surrounded by the lab rum in front and the tongue be- hind. On the sides the mandibles are lo- cated when they are developed, but they are absent in most species. In the more primitive forms the maxillary palpi (or "eye-collar") appear immediately behind the eyes as small oblong or triangular sclerites. The abdomen is composed of a regular series of segments, the first three or four of which are, in most cases, immov- ably soldered together. Then there come one or more movable incisures, and the ter- minal segments are again fused. An in- complete pupa is one in which there are four or more movable incisures, one more in the male than in the female, and in which the body is provided with spines to enable the pupa to work out of its burrow or cocoon or out of the soil. In an obtect pupa there are three or less movable in- cisures in both sexes, and the pupa does not leave the cocoon. At the end of the
Hind Winj—
FlG. 29. VENTRAL, VIEW OF AN- TERIOR PABT OF PUPA, DIAGRAM- ATIC, SHOWING STRUCTURES
Ant, antenna; Clp, clypeus; F, fore femur; Fr, front; Gl Eye, glazed eye; Lbi, labium, with palpi; Lbr, labrum, with pilifers; md, mandible ; MX,
maxilla;
Mx pl maxiUary palpus ( body there may be an extension bearing collar); Sc Eye, sculptured por- a tuft or group of setae, which are hooked tion of eye; Tar^ fore tarsus; in most instances. This is the cremaster. Tar,, mid-tarsus; Tar,, tip of In some pupae the male may be distin- guished by its wider antennae, and in some the two separate reproductive openings of the female can be recognized. 2
34 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES OF LEPIDOPTERA
Suborder Jugate. Moths with fore and hind wings similar in form and venation, and with at least four radials in the hind wing. Base of cubitus fused with 1st A, a short portion of it appearing like a cross vein between 1st A and the apparent base, which is in fact the arculus. Wing membrane spinulated (fig. 30). Frenulum rudimen- tary or absent. Fore wing with a separate lobe, or jugum, at base of inner margin. Larva? with dorsal setae similarly arranged on thorax and abdomen.
Family 1. Micropterygidae. Minute moths, with functional mandibles, and max- illae of primitive type formed of galea, lacinia, and palpus; feeding on pollen. Fore wing with subcosta forked near its middle. Female with ten abdominal segments preserved and without ovipositor. Larvae with modified clubbed setae, feeding on wet moss. Pupae with large mandibles.
Family 2. Eriocraniidae. Minute moths, with rudimentary mandibles, and max- illae possessing a short coiled tongue. Lacinia absent. Subcosta of fore wing forking near its apex. Female with complex piercing ovipositor, laying its eggs in the tissue of leaves. Larvae without hooks on the prolegs, which are rudi- mentary; with simple setae, mining in leaves. Pupae with large mandibles.
Family 3. Hepialidse. Large, or very large, moths, with rudimentary, nonfunc- tional mouth parts, save for the labial palpi. Subcosta of the fore wing forking near its middle or simple. Female without piercing ovipositor. Larvae of normal caterpillar form, boring in stems and roots; with a circle of hooks on the prolegs. Pupae with small obscure mandibles, and rudimentary, divergent maxillae.
Suborder Frenatae. Moths with hind wing much smaller, or shorter and broader, than fore wing, with at most two free branches of radius. Cubitus straight to base, no portion of it appearing like a crossvein. Wing membrane rarely spinulated. No jugum. Hind wing usually with a frenulum. Antennae rarely clubbed, and clubbed in none of our forms which lack a frenulum. Pupa with trachea R4+5 arising from the stem of radius beyond that of Rj. Larvae almost never with dorsal setae similarly arranged on thorax and abdomen.
* Wings with aculece over the general surface.
Superf amily Incurvarioidea. Venation fairly complete ; antennae without eye-cap ; female with piercing ovipositor (so far as known) : larvae usually case-bearers when mature.
Family 4. Incurvariidae. Characters of the superfamily.
Superfamily Nepticuloidea. Venation much reduced ; cell very small or absent; antenna with large eye-cap; female without ovipositor,
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 35
the eggs laid exposed. Larvae leaf-miners or bast-miners when mature.
Family 5. Nepticulidae. Characters of the superfamily.
**Aculece confined to small areas or absent. \Larvai with warts i and ii, iv and v united.
Superfamily Zygaenoidea. Moth with primitive venation, large wings, and minute maxillary palpi or none; Sc and R of hind wing usually uniting along cell. Larvae short and slug-like; typically with diffuse hair-tufts; pupa primitive, incomplete, with all segments free; first abdominal spiracle uncovered, maxillae usually extended and toothed laterally, but without maxillary palpus.
Family 6. Megalopygidae. Moths with tongue obsolete; wings heavily and loosely clothed with soft scales, often mixed with curly hair; hind wings with Sc and R fused for most of length of cell. Larvae with 14 prolegs, 10 of , them with an angulate or broken band of hooks.
Family 7. Eucleidae. Moths with tongue obsolete; wings usually heavy and loosely scaled; hind wings with Sc and R shortly fused near base. Larvae with prolegs abr.nt, replaced by a system of sucking discs; hairy, spiny, or naked.
Family 8. Pyromorphidae. Moths with tongue strongly developed. Wings trans- lucent; hind wings with Sc and R fused toward outer end of cell, the basal part of R also fused with Sc or obsolete. Larvae with tufted hair; with 10 prolegs, provided with normal hooks.
\\Larv(R with warts i and ii separate, iv and v often united.
$" Micros." LarvcB ivith three setcR on prespiracular wart, usually concealed feeders; moths with soft-scaled wings with l)road fringes, broadest at anal angle, the wings often lanceo- late or linear; R5 often running to costa or apex; accessory cell, when distinct, with its broad side resting on discal cell, often fusing with it; hind wing with Sc and R never fus- ing beyond cell, and very rarely at any point, the base of R often obsolete; 1st A rarely lost unless wing is very narrow; tongue very often scaled at base.
Superfamily Tineoidea. Larvae with setae iv and v separate; pupa normally incomplete; moth normally with rough head, often with folded maxillary palpi; tongue scaled when present; fore wing usu- ally with R3 running to costa, hind wing with R and Mt separate, Sc and R typically approximate at base.
Family 9. Tineidae. Larvae with anal prolegs unlike the ventrals; most often . icavengers; moths winged in both sexes, without a heavy anal tuft in the female; usually with rough head, folded maxillary palpi, and bristles on the labial palpi, or with the first joint of the labial palpi enlarged.
Family 10. Psychidae. Larvae with anal prolegs similar to the ventrals, each with a single ellipse of hooka, broken on inner side; always living in a caae. Female moth with a tuft of heavy hair-scales at the end of the abdomen, which
36 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
are mixed with the eggs; almost always wingless, and often maggot -like with all appendages rudimentary. Male with rudimentary mouth parts.
Family 11. Tischeriidae. Larvae leaf -miners; the thoracic legs absent, and each ventral proleg with two transverse rows of hooks. Moths with a loose tuft of scales on vertex, a small scape, short porrect palpi without bristles, small maxil- lary palpi, and very hairy hind tibise; fore wing with Cu running through the center of the wing, with all radials running to costa.
Family 12. Lyonetiidae. Larva? leaf -miners; structurally much like the Tineidae, flattened, with setae iv and v more widely separated. Moths with head smooth, at least on front, with a well-marked eye -cap, the hind wing with R running through the axis of the wing, which is often linear.
Family 13. Opostegidae. Larvae very slender, cylindrical, without legs; bast- miners; moths with folded maxillary palpi; with very large eye-caps; fore wing with three or four unbranched veins, hind wing linear. (Position of family uncertain.) ***it
Family 14. Gracilariidae. Larvae when young very much flattened, with blade- like mandibles, and rudimentary maxillae and labium; living as leaf -miners and bast-miners and eating the sap only; when grown usually with normal mouth- parts, eating the parenchyma, and often living as leaf rollers. No prolegs on sixth segment of abdomen; the other legs variable. Moth with maxillary palpi porrect or obsolete, our species without eye-cap; fore wing lanceolate, normal or with somewhat reduced venation; hind wing often linear, with principal vein through the center of (lie wing; sometimes with Rj free. (Position of family uncertain.)
Family 15. Coleophoridae. Larvae with iv and v closer than usual; with very strong true legs, and prolegs reduced, each with two transverse bands of hooks or none; usually leaf -miners when young, or feeding within seeds; almost always becoming case-bearers when grown. Moths with smooth head; palpi moderate, usually tufted, with the third joint often set on at an angle ; fore wing with cell set obliquely, the cubitals extremely short and running directly to inner margin. Epiphysis rudimentary, at apex of fore tibia, or absent. Antennae turned forward in repose. (Position of family uncertain.)
Superfamily Cycnodioidea. Larvae and pupae not well known; apparently the larvae with setae iv and v close together; leaf -miners when young and case-bearers when grown. Pupae without maxillary palpi, with nearly all segments of abdomen free, or, in Elachista, which pupates exposed, with all soldered. Moth with R2+3 of 'hind wing preserved, running to costa, maxillary palpi minute and straight or lost, and with characteristic genitalia; R5 running to costa, lost in all our species; Sc and R of hind wing widely separated, in our species with R running through middle of wing.
Family 16. Cycnodiidae. Palpi moderate, upturned; hind wing lanceolate, with well-formed cell, and nearly complete venation. Larva sixteen-legged, a blotch- miner; pupa suspended, exposed, immobile.
Family 17. Dpuglasiidae. Palpi short, drooping; ocelli very large; hind wing without cell; with R^ separating off from radial stem before M!. Larvae leaf- miners, hardly known. (Position of family uncertain.)
Family 18. Heliozelidae. Palpi short, drooping; hind wing without cell; one or two medials arising from R-stem, which forks into R2+3 and R^, near apex. Larvae legless, with two pairs of ocelli; blotch-miners; cutting out a case just before pupation.
LEPIDOPTERA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 87
Superfamily Gelechioidea. Larva with setae iv and v closely approx- imated or on the same tubercle, usually with developed prolegs ; pupa obtect, maxillary palpi usually present, but pilifers not marked, and front femora and labial palpi usually connected. Moth with all radial branches running to costa as a rule, and usually all present ; R4 and R5 stalked except in Stenominae. Hind wing with Sc and R closely approximate at base, separating before end of cell (shortly fused in Blastobasidae). Head more or less smooth; palpi long and upturned, maxillary palpi minute, .folded over base of tongue, which is scaled.
Family 19. (Ecophoridae. Fore wing without stigma; Rj and Cu2 well back from end of cell; hind wing at least half as broad as fore wing, with apex of mem- brane bluntly rounded; R and Mj well separated at origin; 1st A preserved in both wings.
Family 20. Xylorictidae. Fore wing without stigma; R, and Cu, well back from end of cell, R« and RS often separate, when stalked forking over apex; hind wing broad, not excavated below apex, with R and Mj stalked.
Family 21. Gelechiidae. Fore wing without stigma, R, and Cu2 well back from end of cell, R< and R5 stalked or united, and both running to costa; hind wing with R and Mj closely approximated or stalked, or with wing strongly excavated below apex; 1st A lost in both wings.
Family 22. Blastobasidae. Fore wing with a stigma between Rj and R2, which are widely separated, veins R2 to Cu2 all closely crowded around end of cell. Hind wing with Sc and R very shortly fused near base ; lanceolate, and rather narrower than fore wing; R and M! well separated at origin.
Family 23. Lavernidae. Fore wing without stigma, lanceolate, with 1st A vari- able, sometimes anastomosing with 2d A. Hind wing much narrower than fore wing, narrow -lanceolate to linear, pointed, with R and Mj strongly approximate at origin, or stalked, and M3 and Cux usually widely separated.
Superfamily Yponomeutoidea. Larva with setae iv and v variable, pupa obtect in forms with iv and v separate, with maxillary palpi; normally with labial palpi and femora exposed; pilifer not marked. Moth with R5 when present usually running to outer margin; maxil- lary palpi usually small or minute, and porrect; hind wing with R and M1 variable, Sc and R approximate at base, and usually connected by a cross vein. Head usually smooth.
Family 24. Yponomeutidse. Ocelli small or absent; legs typically smooth- scaled, venation but little reduced: fore wing usually with all veins separate; hind wing with R and Mt well separated except in the Cerostoma group, Mt and M, often stalked, 1st A distinct in both wings. Egg of flat type so far as known. Larvae with beta lower than alpha on prothorax, prespiracular wart of three setae and iv and v widely separate on abdomen. Pupa obtect, with maxillary palpi exposed, pilifers represented by distinct lobes only in Atteva, and fore femora exposed except in Scythris. (To this family are attached various isolated genera of uncertain position.)
. Family 25. Glyphipterygidse. Ocelli large and conspicuous, maxillary palpi minute, tongue scaled, labial palpi upturned to middle of front or beyond, often beyond vertex; wings exceptionally broad, macro -like in shape, the fringe rela- tively narrow, and but little widened at anal angle. R« and R, usually separate,
38 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
Cu, arising close to angle of cell; R and Mt usually separate in hind wing; 2d A very strongly forked at base. Egg of upright type; larva with front acute, reaching well toward, but not to, vertex; alpha of prothorax farther from mid- dorsal line than beta, abdomen with i nearer the middle line than ii on eighth segment, iv and v close together, legs with a single circle of hooks. Pupa incom- plete, with only anterior rows of line spines on the segments, cremaster rudimen- tary; maxillary palpi, labial palpi and fore femora exposed; mesothorax extend- ing back in a lobe, nearly cutting the metathorax in two.
Family 26. Heliodinidae. Palpi very short, drooping (medium sized in Eucle- mensia) ; maxillary palpi minute, porrect; tongue strong; tarsi with more or less distinct whorls of bristles, the tibiae also often with stiff bristles, the hind legs displayed at rest. Larvae various, not well known, pupae hardly known.
Family 27. JEgeriidae. Antenna; often fusiform, normally with a tuft of bristles at apex; wings strong, very narrow, usually more or less transparent. Fore wing with R0 running to outer margin, anal region much reduced, hind wing with costa bearing a backward-directed keel, with a row of spines interlocking with a row on inner margin of fore wing. Larvae borers, with high front, hooks of prolegs uniordinal in two transverse rows, iv and v close together, and last spiracle higher than the others; pupa incomplete.
Superfamily Tortricoidea. Larva with setae iv and v approximate, pupa incomplete, typical, spined dorsally for progression; moth nor- mally with R5 running to outer margin, free in lower forms; stalked with R4 in higher forms, hind wing with Sc and R as in the preceding superfamily, R and Mx usually approximate; head and body usually with rough vestiture, that on the head shorter than in the Tineidaa ; palpi rough and more or less triangular or porrect; maxillary palpi minute.
Family 28. Tortricidae. Fore wing with 1st A preserved, Cu2 arising less than three -fourths way out on cell; larva with biordinal or triordinal hooks; abdomen of pupa with a distinct cremaster, or with setae on the anal rise.
Family 29. Phaloniidae. Both wings without 1st A; Cu2 arising more than three-fourths way out in cell; hind wing with Mx preserved, usually stalked with R; palpi alike in both sexes. Larva with uniordinal hooks; pupa with end of abdomen obliquely truncate, with irregular spines, without cremaster.
Family 30. Carposinidas. Both wings without 1st A; Cu2 arising more than three -fourths way out; hind wing with Mj and M3 completely lost; palpi much longer in female than in male. Larva a fruit borer with a complete circle of uniordinal hooks and last spiracles dorsal.
Family 31. Cossidae. Large, stout, heavy moths, with small palpi, rudimentary tongue, partly hairy vestiture, and short tibial spurs. Wing veins heavy, includ- ing R^JJ and the dividing veins in the cell, 1st A strong and tubular, from near base. Frenulum sometimes obsolete. Egg sometimes upright; larva stout and strong, with mandibles heavy and turned forward, usually with multiordinal hooks in a complete circle; setae ii as far apart on ninth abdominal as on other segments. Pupa very heavy, with extremely short maxillae which meet on mid- dle line; no maxillary palpi, and no cremaster.
$$" Pyraloids." Larva with only two setae, on prespiracular wart, with iv and v approximated, rarely with secondary or tufted hair (in which case the spiracles are round}; pupa
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 39
obtect but almost always with distinct maxillary palpi; prac- tically never progressing from the cocoon. Moth normally with firmly and finely scaled wings, with ample anal region in hind wing; usually with three anals in hind wing, but with 1st A almost always lost in fore wing; maxillary palpi of porrect type; tongue scaled at base; no accessory cell.
Superfamily Pyralidoidea. Characters as just stated for the Pyra- loids.
Family 32. Thyrididae. Wings heavy and close -scaled, 1st A absent in both wings, all radials separate (variously stalked in exotic species), Re to outer mar- gin; hind wing with Sc and R closely parallel beyond end of cell; maxillary palpi obsolete, pilifers large. Larva with two setae on vii of mesothorax, and i higher than ii on ninth abdominal segment.
Family 33. Pyralididse. Wings entire, without special scaling along the veins beneath; fore wing with 1st A usually lost. Hind wing with Sc and R very closely approximate, or more often fused, beyond end of cell. Larva with primary setae only, with normal prolegs, usually bearing biordinal or triordinal hooks, pupa with seventh abdominal segment fixed in both eexes, usually smooth; with a deep furrow between ninth and tenth abdominal segments in the few species without maxillary palpi.
Family 34. Pterophoridae. A series of specialized spatulate scales along Cu and its forks in hind wing; our species with fore wing divided into two, and hind wing into three, feathers; 1st A preserved. Larva usually with secondary or tufted hair, with very long, stem-like prolegs with expanded plantse. Pupa usually exposed, suspended by the tail, often very hairy and angular; seventh abdominal segment movable in male; without maxillary palpi or groove between ninth and tenth abdominal segments. Cremaster supplemented by a second tuft of spines on venter.
Family 35. Orneodidse. Both wings deeply cleft into six feathers. Only one anal preserved (1st A?). Larva with uniordinal hooks on prolegs and a single seta vii on mesothorax. Pupa with maxillary palpi concealed; seventh segment fixed. .Cremaster simple.
JJJ" Macros." Larvce with only two seta on prespiracular wart, with iv and v separate except when there is dense secondary hair; with oval spiracles, and often with dense tufted or secondary hair. Usually external feeders. Pupa obtect, progressing only in the Citheroniidae, without distinct max- illary palpi or pilifers; moth broad-winged, with 1st A rudi- mentary or absent in all wings, base of M lost, maxillary palpi of porrect type and almost always rudimentary or lost, tongue not scaled; wings usually firmly scaled, with narrow fringes; accessory cell when present separated by a fully developed vein from discal.
Superfamily Uranioidea. Larva with simple hair ; setae i and ii sepa- rate, iv and v both well below spiracle, and tending to approximate
40 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
each other; hooks on prolegs biordinal, in an elliptical band; one or more additional setfc on prolegs. Pupae hardly known. Egg of flat type. Moth with a slight chitinization subventrally on first segment of abdomen, representing tympanum; fore wing typically with R5 and M, approximate or stalked, in Lacosomidae with R4and R5 stalked and widely separated from R, ; Cu apparently three-branched (trifid). Hind wing with Sc and R sharply diverging from close to base of wing.
Family 36. Epiplemidae. Larva living practically exposed; with circle of hooks on pro legs broadly interrupted; moth with Rj stalked with MI, free from. R,; moth resting with hind wings rolled about body. Frenulum normal in our species.
Family 37. Lacosomidae. Larva with hooks of prolegs in a complete ellipse; living in a case, open at both ends; thin-skinned, with chitinized thorax and pos- terior callosity. Moth with R, and R5 widely separated from R3; frenulum rudi- mentary in our species; resting position normal. (Position of family doubtful.)
Superfamily Saturnioidea. Larva always with fine, usually rudi- mentary secondary hair; primaries on warts or spines which also bear secondary setae ; iv and v united, i of eighth segment of abdomen usually united in middle line; prolegs with a straight band of bior- dinal hooks. Egg of flat type. Moth without tympanum, the meta- thorax not modified; tongue rudimentary in our species; fore wing always with trifid venation ; M2 closely associated with radial stem, one radial always lost (R5 ?), R2-R4 stalked and much crowded; hind wing as in the family Lacosomidae; frenulum lost.
Family 38. Citheroniidae. First-stage larva usually with primary hair; ninth segment with a mid -dorsal spine, anal plate tuberculate or spined; body spines more or less horn-like, never with long spinules, and strongly unequal in our species. Pupa formed in the ground, active, hard and rough, with flanged seg- ments. Cremaster bifurcate, without hooks. Moth with male antennae doubly bipectinate halfway to apex; fore wing with Mj more or less stalked with Rj—R, parallel to M2; hind wing with two anals.
Family 39. Saturniidae. Larva with dense bristly spines in earlier stages, never with primitive first stage; warts i of eighth segment of abdomen fused into a caudal horn in all our species, ii rarely fused, ii of ninth segment fused only in the Hemileucinse, which have subequal bristly spines and a smooth anal plate. Pupa almost always in a cocoon, not spinulose; cremaster simple or represented by spines only; abdominal segments often without flanges, and telescoping when dried. Moth with antennae plumose to apex in male, in all our species, MI, in our species, free from R, typically clogely associated with M2; 3d A usually rudi- mentary.
Superfamily Bombycoidea. Larva always with much secondary hair, even on head; with warts, often obscured after first stage; with an additional subdorsal wart ; legs as in the Saturnioidea ; larva often tending to be flattened. Egg of flat type. Pupa normally with secondary hair, with visible labial palpi. Moth various, without
LEPIDOPTEBA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 41
tympanum, ocelli, or maxillary palpi, with pectinate antennas; tongue very rudimentary or lost. Hind wing with Sc and R closely parallel from base, diverging before end of cell ; Rx usually distinct.
Family Bombycidse. Larva with rudimentary hair; with caudal horn. Moth with Cu apparently 3-branched; R4 and JL. stalked farthest; no humeral veins; and rudimentary frenulum. Traces of 1st A preserved. (Cultivated only.)
Family 40. Eupterotidas. Larva with fine dense hair, usually mixed with some spatulate scales, with dorsal hair-pencils. Pupa not hairy; in the ground. Moth with R2 and R«, R« and Rg stalked; Cu apparently 3-branched, and frenulum in our species normal. No humeral veins nor traces of 1st A.
Family 41. Lasiocampidae. Larva with fine secondary hair, in some exotic species mixed with scales; without slender pencils. Pupa hairy; in a cocoon. Moth with apparently 4-branched cubitus; Rg stalked with Ma, and R2 with Raj no trace of 1st A. Hind wing with frenulum lost, with two or more humeral veins, and expanded humeral angle, which is exposed in the resting position.
Superfamily Drepanoidea. Larva with some subprimaries but with- out secondary hair; tubercle iv somewhat higher than v and well separated; prolegs with a band of biordinal hooks, and usually a few outer hooks also, uniordinal in Eudeilinea. Anal legs slightly weak- ened or absent. Egg flat; pupa thin-shelled, in a cocoon. Imago with tympanum formed of a large, double, subventral chitinization on abdomen, not opening to exterior unless through the pleural suture ; thin- winged; Cu quadrified in the American species, at least in the hind wing; hind wing with Sc and R separate to beyond end of cell, then sometimes fusing.
Family 42. Thyatiridae. Larva with all legs. Cu trifid in fore wing; vestiture deep, making the body appear stout. Frenulum knobbed at tip.
Family 43. Drepanidae. Larva with anal prolegs lost (except in the Indian genus Euchera). Moth with Cu quadrifid in both wings, slender, often with hooked wings. Frenulum weak and normal or lost; humeral angle expanded.
Superfamily Geometroidea. Larva very rarely with secondary hair, but always with ventral subprimaries (at least one on sixth segment of abdomen) , setse iv and v remote, iv higher ; prolegs with a band of biordinal hooks, often interrupted by a sucker. Egg of flat type except in Alsophila. Pupa normal without exposed maxillary palpi or labium. Imago with a large tympanic hood at base of abdomen, opening subventrally, below spiracle. No ocelli or maxillary palpi; wings usually thin, hind wing with Sc and R closely parallel or fused part of length of cell, separated at base and beyond cell, strongly curved or angled at base, usually sending a brace across to base of frenulum.
j»
Family 44. Geometridae. Characters of the Superfamily; Cu trifid, except in Operophtera.
42 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
Superfamily Sphingoidea. Larva with many minute secondary hairs, obscuring the primaries, which are single; in first stage with seta v higher than iv; i of eighth segment of abdomen united on mid- dorsal line, usually on a horn. Egg of flat type, usually spherical. Imago heavy-bodied, with very strong wings; no tympanum; fore wing with 3d A a strong tubular vein, running into 2d A; hind wing with Sc and R closely parallel, connected by R1} which is as strong as the other veins. Abdomen almost always spined along posterior edge of segments.
Family 45. Sphingidse. Characters of the superfamily.
Superfamily Noctuoidea. Larvae with variable vestiture, often with tufted hair; seta (or wart) iv widely separated from v, higher, some- times behind spiracle; hooks or prolegs uniordinal in a single band. Egg upright. Imago with a stretched membrane in metepimeron which is more or less broken up into several sclerites; hood on base of abdo- men, either above level of spiracle or enclosing it, occasionally lost; ocelli often present; maxillary palpi present and scaled, but almost always minute; 3d A of fore wing weak, hind wing with Sc and R never divergent from base, rarely connected by a brace-vein to frenu- lum, never closer together beyond cell than along cell, usually fused for part of length of cell or connected by a cross vein. Cu quadrifid, except in the Notodontidae, and the western family Dioptidse, which also always lack the hood.
Family 46. Notodontidae. Cu trifid; Sc and R of hind wing independent, or connected by a weak cross vein; larva with anal prolegs more or less reduced or modified; almost invariably raised in resting position.
Family 47. Liparidae. Cu quadrifid, as in the following families; palpi short; tongue rudimentary, ocelli absent; antennae plumose in male; hood above spiracle. Sc and R of hind wing connected by a cross vein, or touching at a point, more than a third way out on cell. Larva with tufted hair, with two bright -colored dorsal glands on abdomen.
Family 48. Noctuidae. Palpi various; tongue normally functional; ocelli present (except in Menopsimus), hood usually enclosing spiracle, less often above spiracle or obsolete. Sc and R of hind wing . touching at a point, less than a third way out on cell, or shortly fused; larva with either simple or tufted hair; in the latter case with secondary hair also, or with wart iv much lower on seventh abdominal segment than the others, and often obsolete.
Family 49. Agaristidae. Like the Noctuidse; antennae clubbed, hood absent.
Family 50. Arctiidae. Tongue often weak; ocelli always present; Sc and R fusing for at least a fifth, usually a half of length of cell, but not beyond end of cell; hood above spiracle. Larva with tufted and without secondary hair, the tufts rarely lost in last stage; wart iv of seventh abdominal segment not lower than on others. Two subdorsal warts on mesothorax 'and metathorax.
Family 51. Lithosiidae. Similar to the family. Arctiidse, with the ocelli lost; wings smooth-scaled; hood sometimes lost. Larvae usually with tufted hair much reduced in last stage; but present, at least when young; when well developed
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 43
in last stage, with the subdorsal warts of mesothorax and metathorax longitud- inally placed.
Family 52. Nolidae. Ocelli lost; tongue present, weak; fore wings tufted; hind wings with Sc and R fused more than half of length of cell ; hood above spiracle. Larva with only 14 legs, with tufted hair; wart iv obsolete.
Family 53. Euchromiidae. Ocelli present; tongue strong; palpi strong; hind wings with free part of Sc lost, the first developed vein being R. Hood very large, the abdomen constricted behind it in many exotic species. Diurnal. Larva with tufted hair, with only a single subdorsal wart on mesothorax and metathorax.
Suborder Rhopalocera. Butterflies with hind wing much shorter and broader than fore wing; with only a single free radial; fore wing with cubitus straight to base, sometimes with a rudiment of 1st A arising from it near base ; the rest of 1st A lost. R4+5 of pupa given off from radial stem before the origin of R1? obsolete in imago but often with a trace showing as a short spur or a fold. No jugum or frenulum; humeral angle of hind wing enlarged, usually with a humeral vein. Antennae more or less obviously clubbed, with the scaleless sensory area often covering the whole club, and rarely extending on the shaft (Feniseca). Tongue and labial palpi always strong; ocelli and maxillary palpi always absent. Egg upright, larva with tubercles iv and v well separated and both low in first stage, usually obscured in later stages; prolegs typically with triordinal hooks. Our butterflies are all diurnal, and all except Thanaos sleep with the wings raised over the body or outspread.
Superfamily Hesperioidea. (Skippers). Head very broad; front twice as wide as high ; antenna? widely separated at base (two to four times their own width), usually with a strong but slender tuft of lashes in front of eye ; fore legs with epiphysis, hind tibise usually with all spurs; fore wing with all veins present and arising separately from cell; hind wing with humeral vein usually running across from tip of basal thickening (costa) to bend in Sc. Larva with prothorax much smaller (in our species) than head or following segment; head cap- sule closed ventrally behind base of mouth parts by a small sclerite (gula) ; prolegs with a complete circle of hooks. Larva always a concealed feeder. Pupa rounded, suspended by a Y-shaped girth in a more or less perfect cocoon; with maxillae extending out at base to reach eyes.
Family 54. Hesperiidae. Frenulum and frenulum-hook absent.
Superfamily Papilionoidea. (True butterflies). Head narrower, the
'antennae separated at their base by about their width or less; front
less than twice as wide as high; eyes not lashed; fore legs without
epiphysis (except in the Papilionidse), hind legs with end-spurs only;
44 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
humeral vein, when present, extending free from Sc toward costa, often forked at tip, but not reaching edge of wing. Larva with prothorax not noticeably narrowed, without gula; prolegs with a single band of hooks, or if with a second outer band it is much reduced ; suspension girdle of pupa a simple loop or absent; the tongue, in the pupa, not touching eyes.
Family 55. Papilionidse. Fore leg with epiphysis; head broad; fore wing, in our species, with all radials; M2 associated with Cu-stem (quadrifid), 3d A free, turning down toward inner margin; hind wing with only one anal (in our species). Egg spherical. Larva very stout, with tufted hair in first stage; with osmeteria. Pupa girt, but loosely, the anterior end with two points.
Family 56. Pieridae. Fore leg fully developed in both sexes, with claws and pulvillus, but without epiphysis, head narrower, but with the antennal sockets not encroaching on the eyes; fore wing with one or two radials lost in our species, except in Zegris, M8 stalked with R-stem, M2 associated with R-stem in both wings, 3d A of fore wing rudimentary, running up into 2d A; hard wing with two anals. Larva with fine secondary hair, slender and normal in form. Pupa girt loosely, angular, ending in a single spine.
Family 57. Lycaenidae. Fore leg nearly fully developed in male, with spinules on tarsus, but without normal terminal claws and pulvilli, wholly normal in female; head very narrow, the antennal sockets encroaching more or less on the eyes; front not depressed. Fore wing with one or two radials lost in our species, M! usually free; M2 arising from the cross vein halfway between M! and M3, often weak, the cross veins both weak. M, of hind wing as in fore wing; humeral lost in our species; anals as in the Pieridae. Egg flat. Larva slug-like with retrac- tile head, and fine secondary hair. Pupa short and rounded, closely girt.
Family 58. Erycinidae. Fore leg quite reduced and bruslilike in male; with- out claws or spines, with tibia expanded in a spine beyond articulation of tarsus; normal in female; head as in the Lycaenidae; venation as in the Lycsenidse, but with humeral vein preserved and our species with costa thickened out to humeral angle. Egg and larva and pupa of our species as in the Lycaenidae.
Family 59. Nymphalidae. Fore leg reduced and nonfunctional in both sexes (except female of Libythea); head as in Pieridae, front depressed; fore wing in our species with all radials, Mx free, M2 associated with R-stem in both wings; hind wing usually with humeral vein; anals as in the Pieridse. Egg as high as wide, vertically ribbed; larva slender, with spines or fleshy filaments, or forked tail; rarely as in Pieridae; pupa suspended by the tail only, or (in a few Satyrinse) in a slight cocoon.
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 45
ARTIFICIAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF LEPIDOPTERAe
Imago
FIG. 30. PORTION
OF WING MEMBRANE SHOWING SOCKETS OF SCALES AND WING 8PINTJLES
( ACULE.E ) . HIGHLY
MAGNIFIED
1. Winged 2
1. Wingless or with rudimentary wings 55
2. Hind wings with four or five radials, with at least ten veins besides anals
(figs. 31, 40), wing-membrane spinulated (fig. 30) 3
2. Hind wings with only one free radial (two in the otherwise much reduced
Douglasia group, page 224); with at most six (or, with Sc, seven) veins from cell 5
3. Wings hardly wider than their fringe, expanse about one-half inch 4
3. Wings ample, fringe narrow, expanse over one inch Hepialidae (p. 66)
4. Middle tibiae with a spur; mouth parts formed for sucking; Sc of fore wing
forking near apex Eriocraniidse (p. 64)
4. Middle tibiae unarmed, mouth parts formed for biting; Sc forking near mid-
dle Micropterygidae (p. 62)
5. Each wing deeply cleft into six narrow strips Orneodidae (p. 652)
5. Fore wing moderately cleft into two, and hind wing deeply, into three, feathers
(figs. 400-403) Pterophoridae (p. 639)
5. Wings entire, or one pair only, moderately cleft 6
6. Inner margin of fore wing and costal margin of hind wing with series of
recurved spines and interlocking; fore wing at least four times as long as wide, and base, at least, of hind wing transparent (figs. 224-229) JEgeriidae (p. 360)
6. Wings not interlocking at middle of margin, very rarely transparent, and, if
so, with broader fore wings 7
7. Hind wing lanceolate, without marked anal angle, or notched below apex and
trapezoidal, or cleft; the fringe almost as wide as wing, or wider. (Micros in part) 59
7. Hind wings much broader than their fringe, never lanceolate, and rarely
trapezoidal with produced apex 8
8. A double series of enlarged and divergent scales along Cu of hind wing below;
wings, body, and legs, very long Pterophoridae (Agdistinae)
8. No such specialized scales 9
9. Fore wing with two anal veins well developed at middle of wing or at outer
margin, the first a tubular vein at middle of wing in broad-winged forma, sometimes tubular only at the margin itf narrow ones 10
•In the case of extra-limital families, no page is indicated; in those not included in this memoir, page references are made to the brief family definitions in the synopsis, pages 41 to 44.
46 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
9. Fore wing with only one anal reaching margin, 1st A rudimentary, or repre- sented by a fold; 3d A at most by a short spur 17
10. Antennae strongly clubbed; Sc and R strongly divergent from close to base
Castniidae
10. Antennae tapering regularly, or very slightly fusiform 11
11. Sc separating from cell shortly before the apex of the cell (figs 62, 72) 16
11. Sc arising separate from R, running closely parallel to it to well beyond end
of cell, or (in our species) fused with it beyond end of cell; the base of R in that case either complete or showing as a short spur (fig. 298)
Pyralididae (Schoenobiinae) (p. 525)
11. Sc anastomosing with cell for short distance or not at all; not closely parallel
to R beyond end of cell 12
12. Accessory cell well marked 13
12. Accessory cell absent 14
13. Wings ample (fore wing not half longer than wide), body short and slender;
mouth parts rudimentary Dalceridae
13. Wings strong and lanceolate, body heavy, far exceeding hind wings, mouth- parts rudimentary Cossidae (p. 516)
13. Wings more or less oblong, usually twice as long as wide, and lightly veined;
body small and slender; mouth parts usually developed, with scaled tongue Micros in part . . 59
14. Fore wing with 1st A and 2d A anastomosing or connected near middle of
wing ( fig. 101 ) Psychidae in part (page 140)
14. Fore wing with 1st A and 2d A independent beyond extreme base of wings . . 15
15. Fore wing with RB running to outer margin, base M distinct, running through
center of cell; Sc and R of hind wing connected by a strong cross vein or anastomosing; tongue absent Eucleidae (p. 102)
15. Sc and R of hind wing independent; or connected by a cross vein, when RB runs
to costa (Ethmia) ; or anastomosing when base of media of fore wing runs near lower edge of cell or is completely lost (Tortricidae) ; tongue usually present Micros in part . . 59
16. RB long-stalked (fig. 72), colors light, the northern species with crinkly hair
on fore wing ; tongue absent Megalopygidae (p. 101 )
16. Rj from cell (fig. 61) dark, smoothly scaled forms; tongue present.
Pyromorphidae (p. 113)
17. Hind wing with three anals, the first often fading out toward base (fig. 19) . .18
17. Hind wing with two anals or less; at most with a short spur of 1st A at
margin in broad-winged forms (figs. 409-432) 19
18. Sc and R of hind wing closely parallel or fused beyond end of cell (figs. 312-
399 Pyralididae in part (p. 523)
18. Sc and R strongly divergent from before end of cell Micros in part. .59
19. Antennae distinctly swollen toward tip, (figs. 5-7), and frenulum wanting
(butterflies) 20
19. Antennae not swollen toward tip, or if so (Agaristidae, Sphingidae, Coronidiinae ) ,
wings with a strong frenulum 25
20. Fore wing with all veins present, from cell, eyes strongly lashed in front;
antennae separated at base by a distance greater than half width of eyes Hesperiidse (p. 43)
20. Fore wing with some radials stalked or absent; eyes rarely lashed; antennae
closer together 21
21. Fore wing with 3d A free at tip, hind wing with only one anal, save in one
Mexican species Papilionidae (p. 44)
21. Hind wing with two well-developed anals; 3d A of fore wing running into
2d A or lost 22
22. M, from middle of end of cell in both wings, or obsolete; fore wing, in north-
ern species, with ten or eleven veins 23
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 47
22. M2 distinctly associated with radial stem, in one, and usually in both wings;
lower discocellular vein often obsolete; with at least a trace of a humeral vein 24
23. A humeral vein in hind wing Erycinidae (p. 44)
23. No humeral vein Lycaenidae (p. 44)
24. Butterfly walking on four legs (except female of Hypattis), radius five-
branched; Mt from cell Nymphalidae (p. 44)
24. Butterfly using all its legs for walking; radius usually four-branched, M!
stalked with it Pieridse (p. 44)
25. Lorth American species very stout, and with wings 55 mm. (two inches)
or more in expanse; the hina wings rarely reaching beyond middle of abdomen ; Sc and R of hind wing connected at the middle of the cell or rather before by a vein (RJ which is as strong as any; and then closely parallel to end of cell or beyond Sphingidae (p. 42, 360)
25. Wings proportionately larger; Sc and R rarely connected by a strong cross
vein, and if so, strongly divergent beyond it (fig. 426) 26
26. Sc and R separate, but connected by a more or less distinct cross vein; acces-
sory cell fused with discal cell, but with the line of separation (Rj+is) indi- cated by a slight thickening starting from an angulation in the stem of R; species under 30 mm. in expanse (fig. 155) A few Micros.. 59
26. Accessory cell separated by a full-sized vein, or completely absent 27
27. Cu of fore wing apparently three -branched (in a couple of Lithosians two-
branched) , . .28
27. Cu of fore wing apparently four-branched 42
28. Frenulum normal 29
28. Frenulum rudimentary (less than one-fifteenth length of hind wings) or
absent 35
29. Sc and R fused from base of hind wing beyond middle, then rapidly diverging;
swollen at the base; slender moths Lithosiidse in part (p. 42)
29. Sc and R separate at extreme base; then closely approximate or fused a greater or less distance ' 30
29. Sc and R sharply divergent from close to base (fig. 409) . . Epiplemidae (p. 654)
30. Hind wing with Sc angled near base, connected by a strong cross vein to
humeral angle Most Geometridae (p. 41)
30. Sc of hind wing moderately curved or straight at base 31
31. Hind wing with Cu apparently 4 -branched, M2 being much nearer Ms than MI;
Sc and R closely parallel beyond end of cell; vestiture deep (fig. 432).
Thyatiridas (p. 686)
31. Hind wing with Cu apparently 3-branched, M2 being as near to Mj as to M3;
Sc and R separating before end of cell (fig. 425) 32
32. Stout species ; no tympanic hood; 1st A lost 33
32. Usually slender species; when rather stout, with a well-marked lateral hood
on first segment of abdomen 34
33. Tongue absent; fore wing with R, and R3, R4 and Rj stalked together (fig. 425) ;
northern species with hyaline dots on fore wing
Eupterotidae (Apatelodes) (p. 678)
33. Tongue present, often weak; fore wing fully scaled; usually with accessory
cell, or R3 and R, long-stalked together Notodontidae (p. 42, 678)
34. Subcosta straight to base and but little swollen; no trace of a tympanic hood.
Dioptidae.
34. Subcosta strongly sinuous and much swollen at base; a lateral hood at base
of abdomen A few Geometridae (p. 41)
35. Sc and R of hind wing fused for a very short distance, then sharply divergent,
separate from base, or connected by a weak cross vein (figs. 413-422) ; tympanic hood absent 36
48 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
35. Sc strongly divergent from R at extreme base, then sharply bent and touching,
fusing or closely parallel to it, or connected by a strong cross vein; tympanic hood conspicuous, lateral A few Geometridae (p. 41)
36. Antennae naked, or with a few fugitive scales on shaft 37
36. Antennae closely scaled on upper side (figs. 9, 10) 38
37. M! stalked with R in both wings or neither; hind wing usually with one anal
(figs. 413-416); male antennae pectinate to apex Saturniidae (p. 668)
37. M! stalked with R in fore wing but not in hind wing; hind wing with two anals
(figs. 419, 422) ; male antennae pectinate halfway to apex.
Citheroniidae (p. 664)
38. Sc of hind wing sharply divergent from R from close to base (fig. 411) 39
38. Sc and R parallel at base, connected by a weak crossvein (fig. 426) 41
39. R^+s widely separated from R8 all the way from cell to margin (fig. 411).
Lacosomidae (p. 656)
39. R« arising from cell closely associated with R, 40
40. Rg and Mt stalked or closely approximate at base, and separate from R! (like
fig. 409) Uraniidae
40. Ro separate from Mj (like fig. 414) Lonomiidae
41. Frenulum about one -sixteenth length of hind wing; four radial veins in fore
wing Eupterotidae (Eupterotinae)
41. Frenulum obsolescent, not exceeding ] "meral angle, or absent, 5 radials.
Bombycidas (p. 679)
42. Cu, of fore wing arising from cell about a third way out from base, or even
nearer base; RB stalked with M^; with humeral veins and without frenulum in the North American species (fig. 427) Lasiocampidae (p. 679)
42. Cu, of fore wing arising well beyond middle of cell; hind wing usually with
frenulum 43
43. Fore wing with complete venation (twelve veins) all the radials, medials, and
cubitals arising separately, or with R, and R, shortly stalked (fig. 195).
Tnyrididae (p. 521)
43. R3 and R», or R< and RB long-stalked, or with some veins absent 44
44. Sc and R of hind wing parallel to beyond separation of R from cell, and then
approaching very close or fusing a short distance (figs. 306, 435) 45
44. Sc fusing to upper side of cell or wholly independent 46
45. First segment of abdomen with chitinized subventral bullee, and a subdorsal
cavity opening backward; northeastern species expanding over 25 mm.
Drepanidas (p 688)
45. First segment of abdomen not modified; northeastern species expanding
less than 20mm .Pyralididae (Chrysauginae)7 (p. 528)
46. Sc apparently absent, fused except at extreme base with R.
Euchromiidae (p. 43)
46. Sc and R separating before end of cell 47
47. Antennae swollen toward tip Agaristidae (p. 42)
47. Shaft of antennae regularly tapering 48
48. Ocelli present (fig. 3) 49
48. Ocelli absent 53
49. Sc and R of hind wing fused to middle of cell or beyond. .Most Arctiidse (p. 42) 49. Sc and R fused for more than a fifth length of cell, but the fusion not reaching
middle 50
49. Sc and R fused for less than a fifth length of cell, the fusion sometimes imper-
fect 51
50. Hind tarsus ordinarily not more than eight times as long as thick, tibia often
with reduced spurs; M2 reduced only in Eubaphe; in the rest of full strength and associated with cubital stem; moths often stout; Sc very much swollen at base ; hood above spiracle Many Arctiidae (p. 42)
1 Also moat tropioa IThyrididse.
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 49
50. Hind tarsus ordinarily much more slender, the tibia with long spurs; M2 usu-
ally well separated from cubital stem, though nearer it than radial, and often weaker than the other veins; Sc not more than twice as thick as R in their basal portion; usually slender moths; hood surrounding spiracle (fig. 16), except in some slender species Some Noctuidae (p. 42)
51. Tympanic hoods enlarged dorsally, showing from dorsal side as two rounded
bosses on the first segment of the abdomen, separated by a third of the width of the abdomen; brilliantly marked species Pericopidae
51. Tympanic hoods less conspicuous dorsally; separated by half the width of the
abdomen .52
52. White or yellow species with palpi not reaching the middle of the smooth-
scaled front, and four-branched Cu in both wings; hood above spiracle, con- spicuous Arctiidae (Haploa) (p. 42)
52. Species with longer palpi, three -branched Cll in hind wings or gray ground
color; and lateral hood Most Noctuidae (p. 42)
53. Fore wing with raised scale-tufts; small species with Sc and R ordinarily fused
to near middle of cell but free at base Nolidae (p. 43)
53. Fore wings smoothly scaled 54
54. Sc and R of hind wings fused at a point about middle of cell or connected by a
cross vein, or closely parallel Most Lyman t riidse
54. Sc and R fused from base to middle of celL
Most Lithosiidae and Menopsvmus (Noctuidae) (p. 42)
54. Sc sharply divergent from R at base, then angulate and becoming closely
approximate or fusing with it A few GeometridJe (p. 41)
55. Legs lost, moth never leaving cocoon Psychidae ($s in part) (p. 140)
55. With normal legs 56
56. Cocoon seedlike, with a valve at one end (being formed of the larval case), the
moth normally not leaving it; moth less than 6 mm. long.
Psychidae ($s in part) (p. 140)
56. Cocoon normally felted of the larval hair, or rudimentary and underground;
moth more than 6 mm. long 57
57. Ocelli present A few Arctic Noctuidae (p. 42)
57. Ocelli absent 58
58. Abdomen closely scaled, or spined, or with bristling, dark gray hair.
Geometridae (a few $s) (p. 41)
58. Abdomen smoothly clothed with fine light woolly hair; moth not normally
leaving the cocoon, which is composed of the larval hair.
Liparidae (a few $s) (p. 42)
59. Maxillary palpi conspicuous, folded in resting position (fig. 49). 60
59. Maxillary palpi straight and porrect (fig. 3), or rudimentary 64
60. Antenna with large eye-cap, larger than eye 61
60. Eye -cap rudimentary or absent; fore wing with large cell and branched veins. .62
61. Fore wing with branched veins, normally with a small, four-sided cell (figs.
52-57) Nepticulidae (p. 79)
61. Fore wing with three or four simple veins only (fig. 113) . .Opostegidae (p. 160)
62. Head entirely smooth, RB, when distinct, running to costa (fig. 114).
Oinophilidae
62. Head with a few erect hairs; Rj present and running to outer margin (fig. 202) Yponomeutidae (Acrolepia) (p. 343)
62. Head tufted, at least on vertex ; R5 running to costa 63
63. Wing membrane aculeate (fig. 30) ; Sc of hind wing with a strong basal fork
(the lower fork being Rt), or considerably swollen at base, R and Sc usually sharply divergent from base; vertex very rough (figs. 43-45).
Moat Incurvariidae (p. 72)
50 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
63. Wing membrane not aculeate; R, rarely as strong as the other veins, and when
distinct separated from the base of the wing by several times its length (fip 73) Tineidae (p. 116)
64. Cell set obliquely in wing, twice as near inner margin as to costa at outer end;
with one or both cubitals very short and running directly across to inner margin (figs. 123, 175) 65
64. Cell lying in center of wing, or, rarely, oblique, but with both CUj and Cuz
long and longitudinal; rarely obsolete (figs. 129, 185) 67
65. Hind wing lanceolate; R and M, widely separated, parallel (fig. 175).
Blast obasidae (p. 308)
65. Hind wing linear, R and M, connate or stalked 66
66. Fore tibia exceptionally slender, with epiphysis rudimentary, at its apex, or
absent; antenna? turned forward in repose Coleophoridae (p. 202 )
66. Fore tibia usually stout, the epiphysis conspicuous and situated at its middle;
antenna? folded back in repose A few Lavernidae (p. 318)
67. Membrane of hind wing distinctly excavated below apex, with pointed, pro-
duced apex; rarely bifid (figs. 156, 160, etc.) Gelechiidae (p. 255)
67. Hind wing rounded at apex or trapezoidal, often broader than its fringe; anal region developed (fig. 138. etc.) 68
67. Hind wing lanceolate and pointed or linear, much narrower than its own
fringe (fig. 180) 81
68. Hind wing with both M! and M3 lost; 1st A lost in fore wing (fig. 291).
Carposinidae (p. 513)
68. Hind wing with at most one vein lost 69
69. Vestiture of thorax and legs of deep spatulate hair; tongue obsolete, body
usually stout; venation complete, with base of media preserved 70
69. Vestiture of thorax and fore and middle tibia? mostly of normal scales; body
usually slender 71
70. Palpi upturned beyond middle of front, usually beyond vertex, or long and
porrect; with very long first joint; eyes usually hairy.
Tineidae (Acrolophinae) (p. 116)
70. Palpi small, not reaching middle of front; eyes naked Cossidse (p. 516)
71. Cu2 arising less than three-fourths way out on cell (fig. 234) ; palpus beak-like
with second joint rough and usually porrect or oblique, and third small (figs. 241 to 243, and 271 to 283. inclusive) Tortricidae (p. 376)
71. Cu2 arising more than three-fourths way out on cell or (rarely) palpus smooth
and upturned beyond vertex (fig. 147) 72
72. Palpus rough-scaled and beak-like, with second segment roughly scaled on
upper side, and third porrect, inconspicuous; 1st A lost; R and M, closely approximate or stalked (fig. 288) Phaloniidae (p. 499)
72. Palpus weak and hardly projecting beyond front, or rudimentary; tongue rudi- mentary; female (so far as known) with abdomen heavily tufted at apex; R and M, normally separate but strongly divergent (figs. 103, 104) 73
72. Palpus bristled on outer side of second segment, sometimes with a mass of bristles, third segment ovoid, well set off, sometimes porrect; R and Mt nor- mally separate 74
72. Palpus upturned to middle of front or beyond, second joint long and slender,
usually tapering 75
73. Male antennae simple or bristled in American species, female with abdominal
tuft . Psychidae (p. 140)
73. Male antennae plumose ; female unknown Epipyropidae
74. Wing membrane not spinulated; antennae shorter than fore wing.
Tineidae (p. 116)
74. Wing membrane spinulated; antennae of male much larger than fore wing; ovipositor chitinized, piercing Incurvariidae (p. 72)
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 51
75. R and Mx of hind wing closely approximated or stalked; tongue usually present (fig. 152) 76
75. R and M! well separated at origin, usually half as far as at margin (fig. 137) ;
1st A usually preserved at margin 79
76. Wings Leavy and stiff, close-scaled; normally with all veins present and sepa-
rate, RS running to outer margin, 1st A lost; maxillary palpi absent.
Thyrididae (p. 521)
76. Body and wings light, and soft-scaled; maxillary palpi perceptible, folded 77
77. R, and R; stalked or united, both running to costa (fig. 155) ; 1st A lost.
Gelechiidae (p. 255)
77. R« and Rj separate, or forking over apex, all veins present; 1st A strong 78
78. Fore wing blunt, maxillary palpi of folded type Xylorictidae (p. 250)
78. Fore wing falcate, maxillary palpi minute, but porrect.
Yponomeutoidea (Cerostoma) (p. 341)
79. RS running to costa (fig. 141) (Ecophoridae (p. 230)
79. Rj running to outer margin or fore wing with not more than nine veins arising
from cell 80
80. R, and Rg stalked, forming over apex; ocelli minute or absent (fig. 138).
(Ecophoridse (p. 230)
80. R, and RS separate (fig. 200), or ocelli very large Yponomeutoidea (p. 335)
81. Antennae with eye -cap, when folded back covering major part of eye 82
81. Antennae with rudimentary eye-cap or none 83
82. Palpi small and drooping or absent Lyonetiidae (p. 148)
82. Palpi reaching beyond middle of front A few Gracilariidae (p. 161)
83. Head with long, bristly vestiture covering vertex and face; tongue and maxil-
lary palpi absent. . .* A few Tineidae (p. 116)
83. Face at least smooth-scaled 84
84. Hind wing with radial stem central, sending off a branch to costa near middle
(Rj+s) and one to dorsal margin nearer apex (fig. 131).
Douglasiidae (p. 224)
84. R-stem not sending a branch to costa, or with the branch close to apex (fig.
181, etc.) 85
85. Hind wing lanceolate, at least a sixth as wide as long, with the R-stem running
through its center (fig. 134) 86
85. Hind wing with R-stem closely associated with Sc toward base, or lost; or wing
linear with veins crowded (figs. 180, 186) 88
86. Maxillary palpi distinct, porrect A few Gracilariidae (p. 161 )
86. Maxillary palpi obsolete 87
87. Cu-stem of hind wing at least two-branched (fig. 129); cell usually formed;
palpi usually upturned beyond middle of front Cycnodiidae (p. 218)
87. Cu-stem of hind wing simple, free; palpi small, drooping (fig. 134).
Heliozelidae (p. 225)
88. Fore wing linear, with three or four simple veins only (fig. 221).
Heliodinidae (Cycloplasis) (p. 356) 88. Fore wing lanceolate with branched veins but no cell (fig. 133).
Heliozelidae (Coptodisca) (p. 225)
88. Fore wing with formed cell 89
89. Fore wing with only four veins running to costa, and five or six to inner margin
(fig. 202), or hind wing with Mj widely separated from R at origin, often stalked with M2 Some Yponomeutoidea (p. 335)
89. Fore wing with five veins running to costa or only three or four to inner margin ;
R and M, approximate or stalked to hind wing 90
90. Vertex rough or with a rough anterior crest 91
90. Entire head smooth-scaled Lavernidae (p. 318)
91. Accessory cell small or more often absent (figs. 115-120) hind tibiae less hairy,
often smooth or bristled Gracilariidae (p. 161 )
52 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
91. Accessory cell very large, extending halfway to base of fore wing (fig. 106) ; hind tibiae with a large mass of loose hair Tischeriidae (p. 145)
Larva 8
1. Thoracic legs wanting or reduced to fleshy swellings, without chitinized seg- ments 2
1. Thoracic legs developed, with chitinous segments 8
2. Body fusiform, thickest at middle, head small with closed front (separated
from the vertex by the epicrania) Incurvariidae (Prodoxus) (p. 72)
2. Body cylindrical or flattened; when somewhat fusiform with front reaching
vertex 3
3. Head with six small ocelli on each side 4
3. Head with two ocelli on each side, front not reaching vertex.
Heliozelidae (p. 225)
3. Head with a single large ocellus on each side, or none 5
4. Abdomen with rudimentary ventral prolegs on third to sixth segments, bear-
ing hooks Tischeriidae (p. 145)
4. Abdomen without prolegs on sixth segment Gracilariidse (p. 161)
5. Ocellus frontal, front triangular Eriocraniidae (p. 64)
5. Ocellus lateral, front quadrangular 6
6. Front widest at posterior end, body normally depressed, prolegs on third to
fifth segments of abdomen when present Gracilariidae (p. 161 )
6. Front widest at anterior end, body cylindrical; rudimentary prolegs on second
to seventh segments of abdomen or none 7
7. Body normal, five times as long as thick, normally with prolegs.
Nepticulidae (p. 79)
7. Body very slender, ten times as long as thick, without prolegs.
Opostegidae (p. 160)
8. Setae replaced by large, ovate scales, arranged in pairs. . . Micropterygidae (p. 62)
8. Setae normal 9
9. Crochets wanting, prolegs rudimentary or absent 10
9. Prolegs at least represented by rudimentary crochets 13
10. Front extending obviously to vertex; small species Coleophoridae (p. 202)
10. Front not extending to vertex (except when vertex is represented by a very
narrow slit) 11
11. Head completely retracted, body frequently with spines or secondary hair,
the primary setae obsolete; body with obscure incisures, usually with con- spicuous pits Eucleidae (p. 102)
11. Head normally exposed; body with primary setae only, which are usually dis-
tinct ; with strong incisures 12
12. Setae iv and v distant on abdomen; prolegs present, though without hooks
(fig. 51) Incurvariidae (Tegeticula) (p. 72)
12. Setae iv and v adjacent (fig 174) ; prolegs absent A few Gelechiidae (p. 255)
13. Body without secondary or tufted setae, tubercle vi single; vii of three setae
at most, unless the proleg has a multiserial circle of hooks, when it may have four setae; sometimes with a couple of dorsal subprimary setae.... 14
13. Body with tufted or secondary hair; at least two setae on tubercle vi on sixth
segment of abdomen, or with additional setae on proleg 48
14. Sixth segment of abdomen without a proleg Gracilariidae (p. 161 )
14. Sixth segment of abdomen with a proleg, the more anterior segments some-
times without 15
15. Hooks of prolegs arranged in a circle or ellipse (sometimes interrupted), or in
transverse bands . . 16
"Modified from the key in The Classification of Lepidopterous Larvae, by S. B. Fracker Illinois BipJog- i cal Monographs, vomme 2. numbar I.
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 53
15. Hooks of prolegs in a single band, sometimes with a few rudimentary outer
hooks besides 42
16. Prespiracular wart of prothorax with two setae (fig. 319) 17
16. Prespiracular wart of prothorax with three setae (fig. 174) 18
17. Hooks uniordinal (fig. 25), body cylindrical, vii of mesothorax with a single
seta Orneodidae (p. 652)
17. Hooks biordinal or triordinal (figs. 26, 27), or uniordinal in larvae with stout
fusiform body and bisetose tubercle vii of mesothorax Pyralididae (p. 523)
18. Hooks of prolegs arranged in two transverse bands (fig. 107) 19
18. Hooks in a circle or ellipse, sometimes broadly interrupted (figs. 42, 233). .24
19. Prolegs with two simple series of hooks 20
19. Prolegs with a single series of hooks, or with two bands formed of several
series of alternate hooks (fig. 51) Incurvariidae (p. 72)
20. Setae iv and v of abdomen remote Lyonetiidae (Bucculatrix) (p. 155)
20. Setae iv and v of abdomen adjacent (tig. 319) 21
21. Hooks of anal prolegs in two groups Gelechiidae (p. 255)
21. Hooks of anal prolegs in a single series 22
22. Front extending about one-third way to vertex Cossidae (Cossula,) (p. 516)
22. Front extending at least two-thirds way to vertex 23
23. Spiracles elliptical, normal in size, those of eighth segment of abdomen higher
than the others .' .ffigeriidae (p. 360)
23. Spiracles very small, circular, the last pair about in line. .Coleophoridae (p. 202 J
24. Setae iv and v of abdomen remote, or, in a few minute species, v absent 25
24. Setae iv and v adjacent, often on a common tubercle, no small hooks at base
of principal series on prolegs 30
25. Hooks arranged in a single complete ellipse .26
25. Hooks arranged in a broken ellipse, or with additional rudimentary series
at the base of the normal ones (fig. 28) 28
26. Prothorax with setae of prespiracular group about as far from spiracle as
from each other; seta i on abdomen higher than ii Lyonetiidae (p. 148)
26. Prothorax with setae of prespiracular group about twice as far from spiracle
as from- each other 27
27. Seta i of abdomen, much lower than ii (fig. 92) Tineidae (p. 116)
27. Seta i of abdomen not lower than ii Heliodinidae (p. 356)
28. Mesothorax and metathorax with seta ia in front of ib and well separated,
abdomen with iv above level of spiracle (fig. 42) Hepialidae (p. 66)
28. Mesothorax and metathorax with setae ia and ib closely associated; abdomen
with iv below level of spiracle 29
29. Prothorax with seta beta, higher (nearer mid-dorsal line) than alpha (fig. 91).
Tineidae (Acrolophinae) (p. 116)
29. Prothorax with seta beta lower than alpha Yponomeutidae (p. 337)
30. Last pair of spiracles dorsal, closer together on middle line than setae i of
anterior abdominal segments (fig. 293) Carposinidae (p. 513)
30. Last pair of spiracles nearly normal 31
31. Mesothorax with two setse vii (above base of leg) 32
31. Mesothorax with a single seta vii; ninth abdominal segment with seta ii
higher than i 33
32. Prothoracic spiracle with long axis vertical; ninth abdominal segment with
seta i higher than ii Thyrididae (p. 521 )
32. Prothoracic spiracle with long axis horizontal Psychidse (p. 140)
33. Setae ii of ninth abdominal segment closer together than on any other, fre-
quently on the same plate (fig. 290) 34
33. Setae ii of ninth abdominal segment as far apart as on the other segments,
very rarely (Zeuzera) on the same plate 35
34. Abdomen with setae iv and v practically horizontally placed; hooks of pro-
legs uniordinal Phaloniidae (p. 499)
54 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
34. Abdomen with setae iv and v in a diagonal or vertical line; hooks usually
multiordinal (fig. 27) Tortricidae (p. 376)
35. Coxae of metathoracic legs twice as far apart as wide; prolegs small; small
species (fig. 194) Lavernidae (p. 318)
35. Coxae of metathoracic legs closer together 36
36. Setae i and ii adjacent on abdominal segments.
Heliodinidae (Schreckensteinia) (p. 3561)
36. Setae i and ii widely separated 37
37. Front reaching less than half way to vertex (about half way in some very
large species with horizontal head and triordinal hooks) 38
37. Front reaching two-thirds way to vertex or a little shorter, and ending in an
attenuate point; small species with uniordinal or biordinal hooks 39
38. Borers; abdomen with setae iv and v on separate tubercles on the ninth seg-
ment (fig. 296) Cossidae (p. 516)
38. Leaf feeders; abdomen with seta; iv and v on the same tubercle on the ninth
segment Xylorictidae ( Stenoma ) ( p. 250 )
39. Hooks of prolegs biordinal 40
39. Hooks of prolegs uniordinal 41
40. Second, third, and fourth ocelli grouped together, more widely separated from
first and lower (fig. 149) CEcophoridae (p. 230)
40. Ocelli evenly spaced" Gelechiidae (p. 255)
41. Abdomen with iii farther back than spiracle on eighth segment".
Blastobasidae (p. 308)
41. Abdomen with seta iii not farther caudad than spiracle.
Glyphipterygidae (p. 350)
42. Prespiracular wart on prothorax with three setae (figs. 150, 151) 43
42. Prespiracular wart on prothorax with two setae 44
43. Setae iv and v of abdomen remote; or, if approximate, setae beta much closer
together than setae alpha on prothorax (like fig. 210) and prolegs long and slender Yponomeutidae (p. 337)
43. Setae iv and v close together; beta about as far apart as alpha; prolegs
usually short CEcophoridae (Ethmia) (p. 244)
44. Tubercle vii on mesothorax and metathorax with two setae 45
44. Tubercle vii on mesothorax and metathorax with a single seta 47
45. Setae minute, tubercles reduced to obscure rings, head unusually wide; and
prolegs reduced Thyatiridae (p. 686)
45. Setae heavy, almost always spinulose, on conspicuous tubercles 46
46. Tubicle iii of abdomen with two setae Lithosiidae (p. 42)
46. Seta iii of abdomen single Arctiidae ( Utetheisa) ( p. 42 )
47. North American species with enlarged, contrasting tubercles; and a hump
on eighth segment of abdomen; contrastingly striped transversely (or spotted) with black Agaristidae (p. 42)
47. Caterpillars of other types Noctuidae (p. 42)
48. Larvae with less than the normal number of ventral prolegs; or with the
first pair of ventrals much reduced 49
48. Larvae with the normal four pairs of ventral prolegs; the anals sometimes reduced 50
48. Larvae with additional prolegs without hooks Megalopygidae (p. 101)
49. Hair tufted; hooks of prolegs uniordinal; 14 legs Nolidae (p. 43)
49. With a few subprimary hairs only (in some exotic species with fine secondary
hair), sometimes with only a single subventral subprimary on sixth segment of abdomen; usually 10 legs Geometridae (p. 41)
50. Anal prolegs wholly lost Drepanidae (p. 688)
50. Anal prolegs represented by a pair of large tubercles, or flagella at least,
normally fully developed 51
'These characters are said to be inconstant but none are better known to ms.
LEPIDOPTERA OP NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 55
51. Hooks of prolegs uniordinal (fig. 25) 52
51. Hooks of prolegs biordinal or triordinal (figs. 26, 27) 66
52. Warts rudimentary or absent, or obscured by secondary hair 53
52. At least wart vi (subventral) many-haired and distinct, secondary hairs
sparse or absent above prolegs : 60
53. Anal plate bifurcated, head roughly papillose; third ocellus very large.
Nymphalidse (Satyrinae) (p. 44)
53. Anal plate simple; head smoother; third ocellus rarely much enlarged. .. .54
54. Larva parasitic, with hemispherical body and a complete circle of uniordinal
hooks Epipyropidse
54. Larva more normal in shape, not parasitic 55
55. Spiracles small, circular; ventral prolegs slender, more or less stem-like, with
expanded planta Pterophoridae (p. 639 )
55. Spiracles elliptical, larger; ventral prolegs short 56
56. Secondary setae dense 57
56. Secondary setae very sparse or absent above prolegs ; with simple setae or a
few subprimaries 58
57. Notch of labrum deep, with parallel sides; anal prolegs full as strong as the
others; with warts more or less overshadowed by the secondary hair.
A few Noctuidae (p. 42)
57. Notch acute, with convergent sides; anal prolegs much reduced and not used;
warts rudimentary and dominated by a single hair (Melalopha) or absent (Datana) Notodontidae (p. 42)
58. Tubercle iv at about the same level on abdominal segments 6, 7, and 8.
Liparidae (Doa)
58. Tubercle iv much lower on seventh than on other segments; anal prolegs more
or less reduced or modified 59
59. Skin shagreened Di optidse
59. Skin not shagreened Most Notodontidae (p. 42)
60. Eversible mid-dorsal glands on two segments of abdomen Liparidae (p. 42)
60. No eversible dorsal glands 61
61. Spiracles circular, small 62
61. Spiracles elliptical, normal in size 63
62. Ventral prolegs short, with a straight band of heavy hooks.
Pyromorphidae (p. 113)
62. Ventral prolegs slender, with an expanded planta sometimes bearing a circle
of hooks Pterophoridae (p. 639)
63. Mesothorax with only a single large wart above level of spiracles.
Euchromiidae (p. 43)
63. Mesothorax with two or three warts above level of spiracles 64
64. Wart (or seta) iv at about the same level on seventh abdominal segment
as on the sixth and eighth Arctiidae (p. 42)
64. Wart (or seta) iv much lower on seventh segment or absent (perhaps fused
with v) 65
65. Hooks of prolegs even in length, or gradually becoming smaller at ends of
row A few Noctuidae (p. 42)
65. Hooks of prolegs abruptly decreasing in size near each end Pericopidse
66. Body without general secondary hair, often with a few subprimaries; with
not more than eight hairs on prolegs 67
66. Body with numerous secondary setae, at least on the prolegs; anal prolegs
always well developed 72
67. Hooks in a complete circle (fig. 412) 68
67. Prolegs with a band of hooks on inner side, sometimes supplemented with a
much weaker band on outer side 70
68. Subdorsal setae of abdomen represented by warts.
Yponomeutidae (Scytkris) (p. 349)
56 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
68. Subdorsal Betas of abdomen simple 69
69. Head rugose, body widest at proleg-bearing segments Lacosomidse (p. 656)
69. Head smooth, body widest at first segment of abdomen.
Xylorictidae (Ptoclioryctis) (p. 250)
70. Prespiracular wart of prothorax with three setae; set« iv and v of abdomen
approximate (fig. 151) QEcophoridae (Ethmia) (p. 244)
70. Prespiracular wart of prothorax with two setae; setae iv and v of abdomen
usually distant 71
71. First and last spiracles twice as large as the others Epiplemidae (p. 654)
71. Spiracles subequal Thyatiridae (p. 686)
72. Set«e very irregular in length, some ten times as long as others; with obscure
warts, at least in younger stages, sometimes with spatulate scale -hairs. .73
72. Setae subequal or supplemented by prominent warts or by spines 74
73. Labrum notched two-thirds of its depth, or with the notch somewhat shallower
and continued as a groove to the base of the labrum; North American species with small dorsal hair pencils Eupterotidse (Apatelodes) (p. 678)
73. Labrum less deeply notched, the notch not continued by a groove; no dorsal
hair pencils Lasiocampidae (p. 679)
74. Eighth segment of abdomen with a mid-dorsal horn, plate, or tubercle. ..;. .75
74. Eighth segment of abdomen not armed in mid-dorsal line • 79
75. Body with numerous branching spines or enlarged tubercles 76
75. Body with at most two pairs of small spines on thorax 78
76. Head angulated or spined dorsally, or abdomen with several mid-dorsal spines;
hooks of prolegs usually triordinal (fig. 27) Nymphalidae (p. 44)
76. Head evenly rounded; hooks biordinal (fig. 26) 77
77. A mid-dorsal spine on ninth segment of abdomen; spines of body segments
strongly unequal, and armed with short nodules or spiracles (fig. 423).
Citheroniidae (p. 664)
77. No mid-dorsal spine on ninth segment, or body spines subequal and armed
densely with long poison -spinules (fig. 418) Saturniidae (p. 668)
78. Segments with six or eight annulets, prolegs normal in position.
Sphingidae (p. 42; 360)
78. Segments with two or three obscure annulets; prolegs unusually widely
separated Bombycidae (p. 679)
79. Head high, triangular Sphingidae (Lapara) (p. 42)
79. Head not triangular 80
80. An inconspicuous mid-dorsal spine on ninth abdominal segment.
Citheroniidae (Anisota) (p. 664) SO. No mid-dorsal spines 81
81. Hooks in an ellipse, at most narrowly interrupted Hesperiidae (p. 43)
81. Hooks in one band, occasionally interrupted, rarely in two widely separated
bands 82
82. Band of hooks reduced or interrupted at middle 83
82. Principal band of hooks continuous 84
83. Head half diameter of body; secondary hair relatively prominent.
Erycinidae (p. 44)
83. Head rarely more than a third as wide as body; secondary hair less prom- inent Lycaenidae (p. 44)
84. A forked, eversible dorsal gland just behind head (osmeterium).
Papilionidae (p. 44)
84. No osmeterium 85
85. Body with branching spines, high hairy tubercles, fleshy filaments, bifur-
cated anal plate or angulated or spined head. Nymphalidae10 (p. 44)
>• The western Saturniid genera, Agapema and Saturnia, will run here. They have regular, branching spines, strong prolegs, and a small, smooth head, unlike any Nymphalidae known to me.
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 57
85. Body without spines, warts, or filaments; anal plate rounded, head rounded. . .86 86.. Head larger than prothorax (Anaea), or legs with reduced hooks on outer side
(Libythea) ' Nymphalidae (p. 44)
86. Head smaller than prothorax, legs with a single band of hooks only.
Pieridae (p. 44)
Pupau
1. Mandibles large, movable, crossing in front of the face.
Micropterygidae (p. 62) ; Eriocraniidae (p. 64)
1. Mandibles small, fixed, or obsolete 2
2. Fourth abdominal segment movable on the third; or appendages free from each
other and dorsal head-piece longer than prothorax measured on mid-dorsal line 3
2. Fourth abdominal segment fixed to third; appendages fused to each other, and
almost always to body wall 22
3. Maxillary palpi present, separated by a suture from maxillae 4
3. Maxillary palpi absent or represented merely by lateral extensions of the
maxillae 11
4. Dorsum of abdomen with a covering of fine spines, not arranged in rows;
dorsal head-piece longer than prothorax on mid-dorsal line 5
4. Several abdominal segments each with a row of spines near the anterior edge,
sometimes with a second posterior row, but with scattered spines rudimen- tary or absent 7
5. Maxillary palpi distinct, extending as a band along posterior margin of eye. . . .6
5. Maxillary palpi minute, not extending along posterior margin of eye.
A few Gracilariidae (p. 161)
6. Abdominal segments with irregular areas of diffuse spinules only; first segment
with spiracle exposed Nepticulidae (p. 79)
6. Abdominal segments each with an anterior row of spines, more prominent than
the area of fine spinules; first segment with spiracles covered by wings.
Incurvariidae (p. 72)
7. Abdomen with two rows of spines on each of the middle segments 8
7. Abdomen with the anterior rows of spines only 10
8. Cremaster represented by a tuft of spines or absent, no spines on the anal rise;
wings narrow and pointed; large spines present on venter of tenth abdom- inal segment . JEgeriidse (p. 360)
8. Cremaster specialized, forming a definite process, or spines present on anal rise;
wings broad, not pointed; no large spines on venter of tenth segment 9
9. Last abdominal segment with a group of angular nodules, overshadowing the
setae. Maxillary palpi going with tongue on dehiscence .. Phaloniidae (p. 499) 9. Last abdominal segment with prominent setse. Maxillary palpi separating from
tongue on dehiscence Tortricidae (p. 376)
10. Mesonotum produced in a long lobe in mid-dorsal line, the metathorax less than a quarter as long Glyphipterygidae (p. 350)
10. Mesonotum not produced in a lobe ; metathorax rarely less than half as long.
Tineidae (p. 116)
11. Dorsal head-piece much longer than prothorax on middle line, often twice as
long; dorsum of abdomen with scattered fine spines, rarely dominated by a stronger anterior row 12
11. Dorsal head-piece not longer than prothorax (sometimes not separated from the other sclerites) 16
12.- Antennae extending half the length of the wings; labrum very long and lobe- like, covering a fourth of labial palpi Heliozelidae (p. 225)
» Based on the keys in A Classification of the Lepidoplera, based on Characters of the Pupa, by Dr. Edna Mosher,.in the bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History vol. 12, article a.
58 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
12. Antennae extending at least three-fourths the length of the wings; labrum
normal . . . 13
13. Fourth segment of abdomen free from third; antennae and hind legs not sub-
equal in length, and seldom extending beyond tip of wings 14
13. Fourth segment soldered to third; antennae and hind legs subequal and extend-
ing beyond tip of wings 15
14. Labial palpi visible; last segment with two dorsal spines; setae i closely approxi-
mate on mid-dorsal line on middle abdominal segments. . . Tischeriidae (p. 145)
14. Labial palpi invisible; last segment with two lateral spines; setae i normal,
well separated Lyonetiidae (Bucculatrix) (p. 148)
15. Abdominal segments 3 to 7 each with two deep punctures at the anterior
margin near the mid-dorsal line; segments 8 to 10 together shorter than segment 7, not separated by distinct incisures.
Lyonetiidae (Phyllocnistis) (p. 148)
15. No such pits on dorsum; abdominal segments 8 to 10 relatively longer.
Gracilariidae (p. 161)
16. Cremaster developed with a distinct stem, longer than thick.
Tortricidae (Peronea) (p. 376)
16. Cremaster not developed, its hooks attached directly to body 17
17. Body J:eavily chitinized; dorsal spines or setae on abdomen in transverse rows;
first abdominal spiracles invisible 20
17. Body lightly chitinized; dorsal spines irregular; spiracles visible on first
abdominal segment 18
18. Abdominal segments with spines on anterior part and setae on posterior part;
large conical tubercles behind several abdominal spiracles.
Megalopygidae (p. 101)
18. Abdominal segments without areas of fine setae; no tubercles behind the
spiracles 1!)
19. Labial palpi exposed between maxillae, which are less than half length of
wings Eucleidae (p. 102)
19. Labial palpi concealed by maxillae, which are more than half length of wings.
Pyromorphidae (p. 113,
20. Mesothorax less than twice as long as metathorax; maxillae quadrangular,
widely separated, divergent Hepialidae (p. 66)
20. Mesothorax more than twice as long as metathorax; maxillae longitudinal, their
tips often meeting in midventral line; or all appendages obsolete 21
21. Third abdominal segment movable on second; segments with an anterior row of
spines and a posterior row of setae Psychidae (p. 140)
21. Third abdominal segment fixed; segments with anterior and posterior rows
of spines Cossidae (p. 516 )
22. Pilifers distinct, the labrum with three lobes, usually separated by a T-shaped
suture (fig. 29) 23
22. Pilifers absent, labrum simple or obscurely bilobed 31
23. Maxillary palpi present; antennae never fusiform and wider toward apex; fore
femora usually visible 24
23. Maxillary palpi absent 25
24. Epicranial suture absent, fronto-cly peal about half visible; eighth segment of
abdomen free from the seventh in male; no deep dorsal furrow between ninth and tenth segments of abdomen Yponomeutidae (Atteva) (p. 337 )
24. Epicranial suture distinct at sides; sometimes running into suture between
head and thorax at middle (except in the Phycitinse which have a deep groove between ninth and tenth segments of abdomen) ; fronto-clypeal suture absent; eighth segment fixed Pyralididas (p. 523 )
25. A deep groove between ninth and tenth abdominal segments dorsally; fore
femora exposed Pyralididse (Epipaschiinae) (p. 604)
25. No deep groove between ninth and tenth segments 26
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 59
26. Antennae not swollen, fore and middle legs extending between eyes and antennae; fore femur normally exposed Pterophoridse (p. 639)
26. Antennae swollen outwardly; fore legs abutting squarely on eyes, middle legs
sometimes extending between eyes and antennae, fore femur concealed (butter- flies ) - 1 27
27. Outer angles of maxillae in contact with eyes; tongue often projecting beyond
tips of wings; pupa normally in a cocoon Hesperiidae (p. 43)
27. Maxillae separated from tongue; tongue reaching just to tips of wings; pupa
normally 'exposed 28
28. Middle legs not reaching forward to eyes; pupa girt about the middle, or
rarely in a cocoon 29
28. Middle legs reaching forward to eyes, and often between eyes and antennas;
pupa suspended by tail only, or rarely in a cocoon Nymphalidae (p. 44)
29. Tongue falling short of tip of wings, pupa rounded Lycaenidae (p. 44)
29. Tongue almost always reaching tip of wings 30
30. Anterior end of pupa with two points Papilionidae (p. 44)
30. Anterior end of pupa with a single point Pieridae (p. 44)
31. Fore wings extending far beyond the posterior edge of the fourth abdominal
segment in the midventral line; fore femora and almost always labial and maxillary palpi exposed; fronto-clypeal suture obsolete; pro thorax notice- ably narrower on mid-dorsal line than at sides; antennae very rarely in con- tact on midventral line 32
31. Fore wings not extending beyond the posterior edge of the fourth abdominal
segment; or fore femora and labial palpi concealed, or fronto-clypeal suture distinct ; prothorax usually subquadrate ; maxillary palpi often covered .... 34
32. Pupa incapable of motion; maxillary and labial palpi concealed.
Lyonetiidae (p. 148)
32. Pupa with several free segments; labial palpi exposed 33
33. Maxillary palpi present; caudal end of body without lateral projections ending
in spines Yponomeutidae (p. 337 )
33. Maxillary palpi absent; caudal end of body with lateral projections ending in
spines Coleophoridae (p. 202)
34. Fore wings extending well beyond fourth abdominal segment, or abdomen
depressed, with incisures much deeper dorsally and ventrally than on sides, and capable mainly of dorso-ventral motion; antennae in contact on middle line; first four segments of abdomen usually longer than the remainder; epicranial suture present, maxillary palpi usually, and femora and labial paipi rarely, present 35
34. Fore wings not extending beyond fourth segment, or maxillary palpi absent;
abdomen not depressed and specialized for dorso-ventral motion; first four abdominal segments rarely longer than the others; epicranial suture rarely visible 42
35. Maxillary palpi absent; no movable segments; a specialized cremaster present;
pupa suspended and girt like that of a butterfly; tongue as long as fore legs Cycnodiidae (p. 218 )
35. Maxillary palpi present, and body capable of dorso-ventral motion, except in
a few genera which have no cremaster; tongue longer than middle legs, . reaching antennae, except in Ethmia 36
36. Antennae four-fifths as long as fore wings, meeting only at their apex; labial
palpi large, maxillaries minute, fronto-clypeal suture complete, strongly sinuate of middle; most of setae hooked .. Yponomeutidas (Scythris) (p. 337)
36. Antennae reaching almost or quite to tip of wings, coming in contact at two- i: . thirds length of wings, and often diverging again at apex; labial palpi con- cealed unless fore femora are exposed : 37
37. Antennae not diverging after coming in contact 38
37. Antennae diverging at apex; three flexible incisures on abdomen 40
60 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
38. Tongue shorter than fore logs CEcophoridae (Ethmia) (p. 244)
38. Tongue longer than fore legs 39
39. Maxillary palpi large; labial palpi obsolete; ironto-clypeal suture complete;
femora concealed A few Gelechiidae (p. 255)
39. Maxillary palpi minute and fronto-clypeal suture interrupted; or maxillary
palpi lost, or large in primitive species with fore femora exposed.
Lavernidae (p. 318)
40. Fronto-clypeal suture complete, maxillary palpi large, in contact with both
fore and middle legs Gelechiidae (p. 255 )
40. Fronto-clypeal suture obsolete in middle 41
41. Maxillary palpi large, no hooked setae on venter of ninth abdominal segment.
CEcophoridae (p. 230)
41. Maxillary palpi minute, distant from maxillae; with hooked setae on venter of
ninth abdominal segment Xylorictidae (p. 250)
42. Labial palpi exposed, lanceolate 43
42. Labial palpi reduced to a minute area behind mouth, or lost 48
43. Body with more or less dense secondary setae (sometimes very minute) not
arranged around the larval warts Lasiocampidae (p. 679)
43. Body with primaries only, or with setae arranged around the larval warts. . . .44
44. Fore femora exposed 45
44. Fore femora concealed 46
45. A specialized cremaster or hooked cremastral setae present; or middle legs not
reaching to maxillary palpus or eye; or a special ridge developed on fifth segment of abdomen Noctuidae (p. 42)
45. Abdomen ending in a group of pyramidal points, the setae obscure, middle legs
touching maxillary palpi; no special ridge on fifth segment.
Pyralididae (Diatrcea) (p. 590)
46. Body setae not arranged in circles about the scars of the larval warts.
Agaristidae (p. 42); Noctuidae (p. 42)
46. Body setae arranged in circles about the scars of the warts 47
47. Tongue less than half as long as fore wings Liparidae (p. 42)
Arctiidae (Halysidota) (p. 42); Euchromiidae (p. 43)
47. Tongue less than half as long as fore wings Liparidae (p. 42)
48. Maxillary palpi preserved, close to antennae; a dorsal crest on thorax and base
of abdomen; no specialized cremaster Pyralididae (Galleriinae) (p. 532)
48. Maxillary palpi lost; rarely with a mid-dorsal keel; usually with a cre-
master 49
49. Antennae distinctly swollen toward tip; cremaster obsolete.
Nymphalidae (CEneis) (p. 44)
49. Antennae not swollen toward tip; often pectinate; or cremaster well devel-
oped 50
50. Setae arranged in circles around the larval warts. . . 51
50. Setse not arranged in circles around the larval warts 53
51. Antennae more than half as long as fore wings 52
51. Antennae less than half as long as fore wings A few Liparidae (p. 42; 101)
52. A long cremaster, as long as ninth and tenth segments of abdomen together,
with hooked setae, abdomen without flanged plates.
Noctuidae (Pantheinae) (p. 42)
52. Cremaster rudimentary or without hooked setae, in the latter case with flanged
plates on abdomen Arctiidae (p. 42)
53. Body covered with rather coarse, short secondary setae, cremaster rudimen-
tary Bombycidae (p. 679)
53. Body covered with fine soft secondary setae; cremaster strong, with recurved
hooks : Notodontidae (Melalopha) (p. 42 ; 678 )
53. Body with setae simple, obscure, or mostly lost 54
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 61
54. Fronto-clypeal suture distinct at ends, resting on base of antennae; antennae never a fifth as wide as long; spiracular furrows frequent 55
54. Fronto-clypeal suture lost or rudimentary; antennae almost always a fifth as
wide as long; spiracular furrows rare 59
55. Antennae extending beyond apex of wings; last four segments of abdomen with
hooked dorsal setae Dioptidae
55. Antennae not extending beyond apex of wings ; abdomen rarely if ever with
hooked dorsal setae 56
56. Antennae usually considerably broader near the base, their greatest width
usually greater than that of the prothoracic legs; antennae usually more than three -fourths the length of the wings; if not, then the epicranial suture is present, or the cremaster is wanting, or if present, bifurcate at the distal end or bearing hooked setae; dorsum of the abdomen usually with a deep furrow between the ninth and tenth segments; scar of a caudal horn never present on the dorsum of the eighth abdominal segment; labial palpi some- times visible as small triangular or polygonal areas caudad of the labrum. .57
56. Antennae rarely very much broader near the proximal end, usually filiform,
their greatest width seldom greater than that of the prothoracic legs; if greater, then the cremaster is never wanting, nor bifurcate, nor with hooked setae; antennae never more than three -fourths the length of the wings; epicranial suture never present; dorsum of the abdomen never with a deep furrow between the ninth and tenth segments; scar of a caudal horn usually present on the dorsum of the eighth abdominal segment; labial palpi never visible Sphingidaa (p. 42)
57. Maxillae usually more than three -fifths the length of the wings; if not, then
the caudal end of the body with hooked setae, or the spiracles of the third abdominal segment concealed by the wings and those of the sixth segment farther ventrad than those of the other segments; prothoracic femora often exposed; a deep furrow usually present on the dorsum of the abdomen between the ninth and tenth segments; posterior margin of mesothorax never with a row of deep pits with smooth tubercle -like areas between.
Geometridae (p. 41)
57. Maxillae seldom exceeding three -fifths the length of the wings; if so, then the
posterior margin of the mesothorax with a row of deep pits with smooth, elevated, quadrangular tubercle -like areas between them; or with the entire body surface coarsely punctate; abdominal spiracles of the third segment never concealed by the wings, and those of the sixth never farther ventrad than ,the remainder; prothoracic femora never exposed; a furrow never present on the dorsum of the abdomen between segments 8 and 9 except in Datana, where the cremaster is T-shaped with recurved hooks 58
58. Maxillae rudimentary; abdomen with flanged plates, not telescoping, the ante-
rior one on each segment divided by transverse constrictions into the appear- ance of a row of beads Eupterotidae (p. 678)
58. Maxillae developed; or abdominal segments not beaded, without flanged
plates Notodontidae (p. 42)
59. Body with primary setae only; iv and v distinct and approximated below
spiracle Lacosomidae (p. 656)
59. Body with rudimentary secondary setae; iv and v not recognizable 60
60. Pupae with flanges on movable abdominal segments, not telescoping when
dry 61
60. Pupae without flanges on movable abdominal segments, the posterior seg-
ments telescoping within the anterior ones when dry Saturniidae (p. 668)
HI. Cremaster distinct, bifurcate; metathorax with prominent subdorsal callosities; • pupae in the ground Citheroniidae (p. 664)
61. Cremaster rudimentary, represented by its hooks only; no callosities on meta-
thorax; pupation at surface of ground, sometimes in a thin cocoon.
Saturniidae (Hemileucinae) (p. 669)
62 WILIJAM T. M. FORBES
Order LEPIDOPTERA Suborder JUGATJE
Body and wings covered with minute spinules or aculese. Head (fig. 32), with ocelli, when developed, separated by a wide, unsealed space from the eyes; ocelli in the Hepialidse rudimentary (Sthenopis) or absent. Antennae without sense-cones, with aculeae on their sur- face; in the North American species proportionately small and simple, but pectinate in exotic species. Clypeus separated by well-marked sutures from both front and labrum. Thorax loosely constructed, the metathorax fully half as large as the mesothorax and similar in struc- ture ; the halves of the metascutum usually meeting on the middle line. Fore wing (figs. 31, 36, 40) with subcosta more or less distinctly forked ; humeral vein present ; base of media preserved ; jugum present, supported by the rudiments of a fourth and a fifth anal vein ; with an oblique vein from M to 2d A near base, which appears like a cross vein, but whose upper half is in fact a portion of cubitus (fig. 41). Hind wing with four or five branches of radius preserved, the venational plan about as in the fore wing, but with the oblique vein in the base of the anal region obscure. Jugum usually rudimentary or absent; frenulum composed of a series of weak bristles or absent.
Caterpillar with dorsal setas placed similarly on mesothorax and metathorax, and on abdomen (figs. 39, 42). Eyes, when six, in an irregular group, when single, on face. Pupa with four or more movable segments, with mandible set off by a suture, or articulated.
The three families seem relics of an earlier age, and are not closely related.
Family 1. MICROPTERYGID-ffi
(Eriocephalidse)
Head broad (fig. 32) ; the ocelli widely separated by a bare space from the small eyes; all sutures preserved; loosely hairy, with a naked space above eyes. Antennas moniliform, with whorls of stiff bristles, the scape and pedicel scaled. Mandibles large, functional; maxilla? with a large, folded, five-jointed palpus, without a tongue, but with a small, stiff lacinia which serves in handling food, as well as the two- jointed galea (fig. 33) ; labium with a well-developed basal segment, supporting the two palpi; the mouth parts as a whole exactly as in ordinary biting insects; middle tibia with a tuft of hair at tip, but without spurs; hind tibia with four spurs. Abdomen of female ending in two retractile segments, without a trace of an ovipositor (fig. 34)..
Fore wing (fig. 31) bluntly lanceolate, R5 running to costa. Sc
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES
63
forked shortly beyond middle, R vein to Sc, accessory cell present.
forked or connected by a cross 2d A with large fork at base, con-
33
MICEOPTEBTX. MAXILLA
34
FIGS. 31, 32, 34, AND 35. MICBOPTERYGID^E
31, Epimartyria, venation
32, Micropteryx, head: Ant, antenna; Cl, clypeus; fr, front; Ga, galea; Lac, lacinia; Lbr, labrum; md, mandible; MX, maxilla; MxPlp, maxillary palpus; Oc. ocellus; V, vertex
34, Micropteryx, end of abdomen; viT to xT, inclusive, terga of sixth to tenth segments of abdomen
35, One of the scales representing setae on the larva of Micropteryx (after Chap- man). X120
nected across 1st A to Cu by an apparent cross vein, no distinct vein below the lower fork of 2d A; jugum overlying hind wing. Hind wing with similar venation but with Scx lost, anal system reduced, and no jugum.
Egg spherical, apparently of the flat type; studded with blunt- tipped spines, white or yellowish; the eggs laid in small clusters in, and under, wet moss. Caterpillar of a slug-caterpillar type, poly- gonal in cross section, exceedingly thin-skinned, and soon shriveling if allowed' to dry; with two double rows of socketed scales on each side (fig. 35), irregular on prothorax and last segments; ninth abdom- inal segment well developed. Prolegs represented by conical processes on first eight segments of abdomen, with a large sucker on the ninth and tenth. True legs normal. Head with mouth turned forward, eye apparently single and dorsal. Antennae longer than head, the second segment the longest. Food wet moss, the known species feeding on Hypnum and liverworts. Pupa in a dense, parchment-like cocoon, with large, crossed mandibles ; not well known. Hibernation probably as larva in the cocoon.
Distribution probably world- wide; about 35 known species.
The imagoes feed freely on the pollen of various flowers, using both mandibles and maxillae.
FIG. 33.
Abbreviations as in figure 32; art, articulation ; st, stipes
64 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
1. MICROPTERYX Hiibner (Eriocephala Curtis)
Characters of the family. Fore wing with Rt simple.
Our species belongs to the subgenus Epimartyria Walsingham, with R4 and Re stalked.
1. M. auricrinella Walsingham. Purple. Head with golden gloss; base of fore wing with golden scaling; under side and hind wing mouse gray with purple iridescence. 9 mm.
The moth may be found in partly shaded, wet places in May, and is extremely local. It is commoner northward. It is nearly invisible in flight and is most often picked up in sweeping for Diptera. Its life history is unknown. This may be a synonym of M. luteiceps Walker, described from Nova Scotia as a slightly larger form (6 lines = 12 mm.).
Distribution general in th'e northeastern States and Canada. New York: Mt. Marcy (4000 feet).
Family 2 ERIOCRANIIDAE
(Micropterygidae, in part)
Head dorsally like that of the Micropterygidae, antenna filiform, with sparse scaling on shaft; mandibles rudimentary, conical; maxillae with long folded palpus, but with a short, spirally coiled tongue, and no lacinia (fig. 37) ; basal joint of labium preserved. Fore wing (fig. 36) with Sc shortly forked near tip, Rx forked, accessory cell variable, R5 running to apex, R4 stalked, one radial sometimes absent. Anals similar to those of the Micropterygidas, but with an additional vein below the fork of 2d A (fig. 36). Jugum as in the Micropterygidae. Hind wing similar to fore wing; Scx rudimentary or absent, anal sys- tem quite variable (the most complex arrangement known to me is shown in figure 36). Frenulum rudimentary. Hind tibia normal, hairy ; middle tibia with a single spur. Abdomen of female terminat- ing in a horny, piercing ovipositor, with powerful muscles (fig. 38).
Egg ellipsoidal, soft, laid in the tissues of the leaf. Caterpillar of leaf -miner type (fig. 39) with large head; flattened; body-setse much reduced, but apparently with i and ii vertically placed on abdomen, and ia and ib similarly on mesothorax and metathorax. Prologs rudimentary, apparently present on first eight segments of abdomen; true legs absent. Ninth segment well developed. Head with mouth pointing forward, with a single ocellus on dorsal surface.
The caterpillar makes a roomy blotch mine, starting from a short; linear one, in the hardly expanded young leaves of Amentiferje, which are sometimes distorted in their further growth. It scatters its frass loosely. It feeds quickly, in the spring, and then spins a tough cocoon in the ground and summers and winters there, pupating in the spring.
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES
65
Pupa with enormous mandibles, crossed in repose, which it uses to cut its way out of the cocoon and to dig up to the surface. All parts loose (pupa lib era), there being some power of motion even between
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FIGS. 36-39. ERIOCRANIID^E
36, Mnemonica, venation; fore wing: c.v., crossvein, 1st A to 2d A; hind wing: c.v., crossvein, 2d A to 3d A.
37, Eriocrania, maxilla: Ga, galea MxPlp, maxillary palpus
38, Eriochania, end of abdomen: viiT to ixT, inclusive, seventh to ninth tergites of abdomen; xT, tenth tergite or ovipositor; viiS, viiiS, seventh and eighth sternites; ten viii, ten ix, tendons of eighth and ninth segments; Ov, oviduct; Vg, vagina
39, Mnemonica auricyanea: seta map (after Busck)
the thoracic segments; skin extremely thin, shrivelling on emergence. All sutures distinct; labruin large, free, with six pairs of setae. First seven abdominal segments free.
The imagoes are short-lived, and usually do not feed. The family is apparently world- wide in distribution, with about 20 known species.
1. ERIOCRANIA Zeller
(Micropteryx, in part; Eriocephala Dyar, laps, cal.)
Characters of the family. Wings lanceolate. Our species belong to the sub- genus Mnemonica Meyrick; with all veins present, accessory cell absent in both wings, and R of hind wing 4 -branched. 3
66
WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
1. E. auricyanea Walsingham. Head and Ihorax with long, gray hair, with slight iridescence. Fore wing golden with scattered, small, purple spots, each of several scales, the spots denser toward base and inner margin. Larger blotches along margin toward apex, and at anal angle, and a streak running up from inner margin near base. 12 mm.
Moth in March and April. Larva in a large blotch mine on oak, chestnut, and chinquapin, in April and May; extremely local, sometimes confined to a single tree. District of Columbia. New York: Karner.
2. E. griseocapitella Walsingham. Similar to the preceding species but without any purple blotches, the spots being all small and rounded; perhaps not distinct. Described from the District of Columbia.
Family 3. HEPIALIDAE
(Swifts)
Head loosely hairy over whole upper surface, concealing the rudi- mentary ocelli when they are present ; mouth parts rudimentary, mandi- bles and maxilke recognizable under the microscope, basal joint of labium present, bearing the small, hairy palpi ; antennas, in our species, about as long as width of thorax, somewhat moniliform, pedicel large
42
I, vm
FIGS. 40-42. HEPiALin.E
40, 7/epioZus syZriw/s (Europe), venation; 41, same, detail of base of fore wing; 42, $f/ienopis humuli (Europe), seta map (after Fracker)
and scaled, but flagellum scaled at base only. Legs weak, without spurs; the hind legs of many species with, a large tuft of hair in the male. Fore wings (fig. 40) with humeral vein, with Sc more or less distinctly forked but little beyond its middle, Rt simple, R, and R3 stalked, the apex below R3 ; base of M fully preserved, forming a large intercalated cell. Oblique anal cross vein present, as in the Microp- terygidae (fig. 41), but anal system more or less reduced, often writh only 2d A fully developed. Jugum slender, with a long, free tip; underlying hind wing in flying position. Hind wing with practically identical venation, but anal region more reduced, with simple veins. Thorax very loosely organized, leaving a distinct space between the
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 67
bases of the fore and hind wings. Abdomen long and clumsy, with- out any modifications; in the female ending in complicated struc- tures not yet fully understood.
Eggs of flat type, rounded, usually scattered broadcast in the neigh- borhood of the food. Larva (fig. 42) a borer; slender, cylindrical, with a rather long head. Ocelli six, the four anterior not in a cres- cent, but in an oblong group, the other two close to them. Maxillae of a peculiar type, the palpus with three free segments. Mesothorax and metathorax with seta3 ia in front of ib, as on abdomen, v higher than iii and iv. Abdomen with lateral setae high, iv higher than spiracle, and the three arranged in an oblique row ; iiia and x well- developed setaa, but ix minute ; ninth segment of abdomen large, with setag normally arranged. Prolegs normal, with multiserial hooks in a complete ellipse, the upper hooks rudimentary and grading into the skin granulations. The caterpillars normally bore in roots and root- stocks, and those of Sthenopis are practically aquatic; they are very active.
Pupa slender, fitting the burrow ; mandibles rudimentary, but sharply defined; all sutures of head preserved except the clypeo-labral, even the gena being distinct ; antennae short, maxillae very short and widely divergent, quadrangular, not covering the labium, the parts not dif- ferentiated; abdomen with two series of spines on each segment, the end of the abdomen roughly spined, without a cremaster; setae iv not as high as in the larva. Abdominal segments 2 to 7 of male and 2 to 6 of female free. Pupa leaving burrow on emergence.
The moths are mostly dusk-fliers, although H. hyperboreus flies in the daytime. The family is world-wide and largely developed in Aus- tralasia, with nearly 200 species.
Key to the genera
Fore wing with marked apex and straight or concave upper half of outer
margin 1 . Sthenopis.
Fore wing with bluntly rounded apex 2. Hepialus.
1. STHENOPIS Packard (Hepialus, in part)
The larvae, so far as known, bore in the roots of trees and shrubs growing parti- ally submerged, and usually work below the water level. The moths have the habit of swarming like midges, the males having a wavy, zigzag flight, and the females apparently entering the swarm of males one by one. They are very short-lived and do not come to light or sugar. The larvae feea at least two seasons, pupating in early summer. The pupa has a peculiar comb of short spines on the venter of the seventh segment of the abdomen, which also shows weakly in Phassus. The genus is doubtfully distinct from Phassus.
(is \V n JJAM T. M. FORBES
Key t<> s/H'dcs
1. Pale yellow (fading to dirty white) 5. thulc.
1. Brown with broii7,y iridescence 4. auratus.
1. Oclire yellow, or brown and gray.
2. Hind wing salmon, brighter than the yellowish fore wing.
3. quadriguttatus. 2. Hind wing straw yellow, shading into ochreous toward border.
1. anjenteomaculatus^. 2. Hind wing mouse gray.
3. Median dark band not noticeably invading cell M3; post medial dark band with a clearly marked outer defining line from Mj to below Cu- at least; median and apical dark areas not suffused with yellow- brown; hind wing normally shaded with ochreous at apex; lower
silvery spot usually enlarged, triangular 1. argenteomaculatus rf.
3. Median dark band most often with a triangular extension in cell M3 or else not extending below M3 at all, and usually suffused with yel- low-brown; outer boundary of postmedial band distinct only below M2; hind wing usually with rosy tinge, silver spots subequal or tend- ing to disappear 2. purpurascens.
1. S. argenteomaculatus Harris. Grayish, with darker brown, pale-edged, con- fused bands, the two principal bands converging from base and apex of costa toward middle of inner margin, with two shorter ones between these, and a dark marginal band. Hind wing mouse gray in male, yellowish in female, 65-100 mm (H 41:14).
Midsummer. Larva in rootstocks of alder.
Massachusetts to Pennsylvania and Minnesota; probably wider spread, but con- fused with the next two forms. New York: Catskills, Glendale, L. I.
2. S. purpurascens Packard. Similar to 8. argenteomaculatus except as noted in synopsis. 75-100 mm.
Var. los Strecker has a single silver spot near base and one or two at end of cell; var. perdita Dyar is without silver (H 41:13).
This species is confused with the last in records. I have seen it from northern Ontario and Canada.
3. S. quadriguttatus Grote. Fore wing ochreous, hind wing salmon, markings exactly as in purpurascens, sometimes suffused. Hardly distinct from the last.
New England to northern Ontario and western New York. New York: Lan- caster and Buffalo (VanDuzee), Albany.
4. S. auratus Grote. Grayish with a rosy tinge; bands yellow-brown, pale-mar- gined, the submarginal and marginal often more or less completely fused, and the basal markings confused and largely fused. Angular, brassy-yellow spots at base, a discal spot, and a series of about three, subterminally. Hind wing
•mouse gray, tawny at margin. 50 mm.
July northward; end of June in North Carolina. Very lew specimens known. Quebec; North Carolina. New York: Fentons (Lewis County), Lancaster, Ithaca, McLean, Catskills (Summit).
5. S. thule Strecker. Pale yellow with obscure markings and a brown patch from base to beyond middle of costa; a couple of silvery points.
July. Sometimes common where found at all. Larva in roots of willow. Wisconsin; Hudson Bay; Montreal; New York. New York: Waddington.
2. HEPIALUS Fabricius
Similar to Sthenopis; antenna full as long as thorax and less moniliform.
The moths occasionally come to light. The larvae bore in herbaceous plants.
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 69
Key to species
Yellow-brown 1. hyperboreus.
Brownish gray 2. gracilis.
1. H. hyperboreus Moschler. Yellow -brown; male with an irregular, silver V-ma,rk extending across the wing or nearly so, and sometimes with silvery terminal spots. Female similar to male or with an obscure blackish V only. 50 mm.
The species is hardly distinct from H. ganna of the Alpine regions of the Old World, and the forms in this country are not well understood. The form with silvery terminal spots flies by day, and is typical hyperboreus (Labrador, Alberta) ; the one without is macglashani Henry Edwards (H 41:15) and is a dusk-flier ( Ontario, California ) .
Hymers, Ontario; Arctic America, and westward.
2. H. gracilis Grote. Fore wing brownish gray, mottled, the most distinct marking being an irregular band from base to middle of inner margin, and one from apex nearly to the same point, both with a gray central shade, and often with a blackish shade where they meet. £ over 30 mm.; 5 over 40 mm.
The larva is likely to bore in ferns.
Maine to Massachusetts; Colorado.
Var. mustelinus Packard, is a more northern form of the species dominant in Nova Scotia and Quebec, and also ranging to Colorado. It is smaller (^ under 30, $ under 40 mm.) more decidedly brown, and more contrastingly marked than the type, the female being as contrastive as the male of the typical form. Intergrades are not rare.
70 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
Suborder FRENATJE ( I fott'rocora, in part)
Aculeii1 present only in a few of the most primitive forms. Ocelli, when present, close to the upper margin of the eye, placed directly behind the antenna3, but often absent. Antennae with sense-cones except in a few primitive forms, the second segment, or pedicel, usually pro- portionately small. Vertex separated by sutures in the lower forms; in the higher ones with practically all the head-sutures obliterated. Mouth parts never of the mandibulate type, when not rudimentary with the labrum three-lobed, the central lobe filling the gap between the bases of the two maxillre, the lateral lobes forming the pilifers. Maxillae with basal structures reduced; the lacinia absent, and the palpi in the majority of forms reduced or absent. Labium usually rudimen- tary or absent, except for its three-jointed palpi. Thorax with the third segment smaller than in the Jugatse, often reduced dorsally to a narrow strip, but always developed ventrally for the attachment of the legs ; the two halves of the scutum usually widely separated. Abdomen in primitive forms (Adelidas) with a horny, piercing ovipositor (fig. 50), which becomes lost in the higher types, though the two pairs of strong tendons and muscles are preserved. In many of these higher forms the ovipositor ends in two lobes.
Fore wing with humeral vein rudimentary or absent; Sc always simple ; R! always simple, base of media and 1st A often lost, 2d A always preserved, and usually apparently forked at the base, as a result of the attachment to it of the tip of the upper fork of 3d A; lower fork of 3d A usually lost; (sometimes the lower fork is free, or 3d A wholly lost). Jugum never present, the inner-marginal cord always running directly into the scutellum. (In the nonaculeate forms, there is a small patch of minute spines on the inner margin near the base, which may be a persisting remnant of the aculere). Hind wing with the radius much reduced, typically with only one free branch (Rs, usually spoken of merely as R) ; Rs once forked in the lower Elachistidas, and in our genus Tinagma, in which latter genus the dorsal venation is much reduced ; "R^ crossing over to Sc and fused with it from its junction to the apex, except in a few Gracilariidas with very narrow wings; if Sc and Rs remain separate, RL looking like a crossvein, usually located near the base of the wing in those forms where Sc and Rs remain independent, but often obliterated by the fusion of Sc and R at the point where Rx should cross. Hind wing usually with three apparent anals, or two by the loss of 1st A; for the upper fork of 3d A has become almost completely fused with 2d A, in the Tortricidas and broad-winged Tineids (in the broad sense), showing as a distinct basal fork of 2d A, as on the fore wing. Cross-
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 71
veins between the anals very rarely present but obvious in a few Cos- sidae and Psychidag between 1st A and 2d A of the fore wing, and visible at the base of the wing in a few low Tineids. Secondary veins rare, present on the inner margin of the fore wing of the Megalopy- gidas, and near the base of the costa of the hind wing of most Lasio- campidas (fig. 428), where they are known as numerals, one of them, per- haps, being the true humeral. Humeral vein often present; when the frenulum is present usually running across to its base. Costal edge thickened out to the point of origin of the frenulum, being a rudiment of vein C. Frenulum lost in several of the higher families, either in part or all of the genera; when present, it is practically always single, in the male, running through a membranous retinaculum attached just below the costal edge of the fore wing; in the female, however, usually multiple, formed of two to many bristles, and held in place by stiff hair-scales projecting down from Sc and R, and up from below Cu of the fore wing. Frenulum occasionally single in the female also.
Caterpillar with the seta? ia and ib of the thorax vertically placed, on the abdomen with i anterior to ii; thorax normally with v lower than iii and iv; abdomen with iv level with the spiracle or lower, and iv, v, and vi not lying in an oblique line; iiia and x minute; pro- legs rarely either modified or absent; body often with tufted or secondary seta?. Maxillary palpus with only two free segments; four anterior ocelli, when present, arranged in a semicircle. When only a single ocellus occurs, it is on the side of the face.
In boring larvae, the structures are usually normal; but leaf-miners may be exceptions to most of the characters given in this definition.
Pupa with head-sclerites more or less completely fused; meta- thorax smaller than in Jugataa and thoracic segments never free, but in other particulars varying from forms with almost the structure of the Jugataa, to forms with all the parts soldered together.
The Frena'taa have been derived from a Jugate type intermediate between the three surviving families; the Rhopalocera are derived from primitive Frenatas in the neighborhood of the Cossida3, as is indicated bv a series of intermediate exotic forms.
72
WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
SUPERFAMILY INCURVARIOIDEA Family 4. INCURVARIID^E
(Adelidffi)
Vortex very rough-haired, front either rough or scaled; with a distinct naked area above eye behind antennae, except when the eyes are very large. Vestiture lightly attached. Eyes extremely variable
43, Adda ridinysella , venation
44, I'rodoxtis decipiens, venation
45, Eudarcia simidatricella, venation
46, Adela ridingsella, $;' section of antenna, ventrolateral view
47, Inourvaria, antenna
48, Paraclemensia, antenna
49, Teyeticttla yuccasella, 5, head: Ant, antenna; Ep, epicranium; Ge, gena; LbPlp, labial palpus; MX, maxilla (tongue); MxPlp, maxillary palpus; MxTen, maxillary tentacle; Pd, pedicel of antenna; Pil, pilifer; Sc, scape of antenna-, V, vertex; (the segments of the maxillary palpus are numbered 1 to 5)
50, Tegeticula yuccasella, $, end of abdomen: abbreviations as in figure 38
51, Adela cuprella (Europe), seta map
LEPLDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 73
in size; in some western and exotic species nearly meeting on vertex, with two sizes of facets in male. Antennae in some genera short, in Adela the longest known in the Lepidoptera, several times as long as fore wings; often shorter in female, and more densely scaled; commonly with two equal whorls to a segment, or irregularly scaled and bristled (figs. 46-48) ; maxillary palpi long and folded, short and porrect, or rudimentary, — in Prodoxinse the longest known in the Lepidoptera; tongue scaled at base. Palpi and hind tibiae often densely hairy, especially in male. Fore wing with complete vena- tion or a single vein lost, cell large, accessory cell and base of M usually distinct, 1st A distinct at margin, 2d A forked at base. Mem- brane aculeate over the whole surface of the wing. Hind wing with Sc swollen at base, Rx normally forming a heavy basal fork of it, though completely fused in Adela; base of Rs obsolete, R and Mx stalked only in Nemotois, 3d A1 occasionally free at tip (fig. 43) ; scaling often hair-like, and iridescent or metallic in many species. Female, so far as known, with last segments heavily chitinized, with strong, piercing ovipositor; laying its eggs in the tissues of the food-plant.
Caterpillars, so far as known in the Adelinae, case-bearers; the case typically lenticular and formed of a piece of leaf; borers in seeds and stems of Yucca and related Liliaceae, in the Prodoxinae. Head normal in form, the adfrontals reaching the vertex, the front about two-thirds way, setae as a rule obscure ; iv and v rather close together, and iv sometimes migrating far up behind spiracle, as' in the Hepi- alidse. Prolegs normally with two areas of granulations bearing rudi- mentary hooks, with a single line on sixth segment of abdomen, and no anal prolegs; prolegs reduced to one or two rows of minute hooks in Incurvaria, and all lost in the Prodoxinae; true legs also lost in Prodoxus.
Pupa ' incomplete, chitinized, with a frontal beak; thorax, appen- dages and terminal segments only lightly soldered; third segment of abdomen free ; dorsal spines in a patch or pair of patches on each segment, sometimes supplemented by a row of spines; maxillary palpi distinct, extending from antennae to base of maxillae; prothorax very narrow and more or less depressed; dorsal head piece conspicu- ously widened (the "Adelid prothorax "). A few Incurvarias (of group Lampronia) have only the series -of spines on abdomen, and many genera are still unknown in the early stages.
This is a small and ancient world-wide family containing two or three hundred known species. The genera Triptodema, Mea, and Pelates have not been examined for aculeae or ovipositor, and so are tentatively allowed to remain in the Tineidae ; in several other genera
74 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
the ovipositor has not been examined. The genera of this family are repealed in the key to the Tineid;e for convenience in identification.
Key to the r/cncra
1. Antenna1 at least a fourth longer than fore wings.
2. R and M, of hind wing stalked 8. Nemotois.
2. M! free from R, sometimes closely associated with M. 7. Adela.
1. Antenna1 hardly if at all longer than fore wings. 2. Maxillary palpi very short and porrect, or absent.
3. Tongue strong, labial palpi moderate 7. Adela.
3. Tongue obsolete, labial palpi minute 4. Chalceopla.
2. Maxillary palpi well developed, folded, usually covering base of tongue. 3. Folded part or maxillary palpus two-thirds as long as width of head. 4. Females (with exserted ovipositor).
5. Maxilla with a long, thick, naked, coiled tentacle besides palpus and
tongue 2. Tegeticula.
5. Maxilla with a sharp angle on second joint of maxillary palpus only.
1. Prodoxus. 4. Males, (with large claspers).
5. Valve one-fourth as long as fore wing 1. Prodoxus.
5. Valve less than one-sixth as long as fore wing 2. Tegeticula.
3. Folded part of maxillary palpus half as long as width of head.
4. Venation complete 3. Incurvaria.
4. Fore wing with a vein lost.
5. Hind wing with 7 veins, lanceolate, with open cell 6. Eudarcia.
5. Hind wing broader, with complete, normal venation. . .5. Paraclemensia.
1. PRODOXUS Riley
Similar to Tegeticula, male with larger valves; female with only a rudiment of the maxillary tentacle. Caterpillars boring in Yucca, our species in Y. fila- inentosa; much like Pronuba but without thoracic legs or projections representing the abdominal legs. Pupa fairly smooth, with spine-patches, and an anterior, toothed ridge on each segment. Pupa transforming in a silk cocoon at the mouth of its burrow ( fig. 44 ) .
1. P. quinquepunctella Chambers. Cream white, typically with about five black points, but in var. decipiens Riley immaculate. 15-20 mm." (H. p. 438 f. 255-259.)
Common. The caterpillar bores in the flesh of the fruit and fruit-stalk of Y. filament osa, emerging a little earlier than Tegeticula yuccasella.
Central New Jersey to Missouri and south.
2. TEGETICULA Zeller
(Proniiba Rile}- 1872, not Thomson 1860; Valentinia Coolidge 1909, not
Walsingham 1909)
Antennae smoothly scaled, the scaling not regularly formed of two whorls to a segment; scales easily lost, uncovering the fine, chitinous spinules; palpi rather small and slender, upturned, with scales and bristles, the basal segment decidedly the longest; maxillary palpi folded, five-jointed, the first joint very long; vertex roughly hairy. The female with a long, roughly spinulose, coiled tentacle growing out from the junction of the first and second joints of the max-
LEPIDOPTEBA OF NEW YOUK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 75
illary palpus (fig. 49). Fore wing with normal primitive venation, with base of M and R4+5 preserved, veins all arising separately from the cell, or one or two shortly stalked.
Egg laid in the tissues of the ovary of a Yucca flower, larva feeding on the developing seeds, but only damaging part of those in the capsule. Head not depressed, small; front triangular, separated from the vertex by the adf rentals; body stout, somewhat fusiform, strongly tapering behind, not flattened; with small thoracic legs, the prolegs on the third to sixth abdominal segments repre- sented by fleshy humps, but without crochets. Pupa with a strong frontal spine, with a heavy, serrated ridge on each segment of abdomen, with very stout, sub- dorsal hooks on eighth segment of abdomen pointing forward, but no cremaster.
The moth uses its tentacles to gather and carry a ball of pollen. After laying each egg the moth inserts one of the tentacles into the ovary of the flower through the stigma, and fertilizes the ovules with it.
1. T. yuccasella Riley, (Yucca borer). White, immaculate, usually with gray hind wings. 20-25 mm. (H. p. 442, f. 262-263.)
The moth is common where Yucca is found, emerging during the flowering period in May and June. Larva in Y. filamentosa.
New York to Ohio, Missouri, and south. New York: Long Island.
3. INCURVARIA Haworth
(Lampronia Stephens; Tinea, in part)
Similar to Prodoxus, but with smaller maxillary palpi, and, in our species, black, or dark metallic blue in color. Typically with whole head rough-hairy, but in group Lampronia with the face smooth and head sometimes not very rough. Male antennae pectinate in some exotic species. The characters are superficially much like Tinea, but the scaling of the antennae is smooth, and less regularly arranged in two rows to a segment (fig. 47); if the scales are rubbed off, the underlying spinules show, the antenna in either case appearing smooth and velvety to a low-power lens, and commonly bristly under higher power.
Larvae sometimes borers in stems, like Prodoxus, sometimes leaf-miners when young, and later cutting out a flat, lenticular case. Head as in Tegeticula, body smoothe-, prolegs with one or two transverse rows of minute hooks, setae iv and v rather close together, below and behind spiracl3. Pupa apparently like Prodoxus, with dorso-anal spines.
Key to the spec les
1. Straight, antemeduJ fascia, no costo-apical spot 1. russatella.
1. An irregular, pale spot on costa before apex, besides the one three-fourths way out.
2. Head dull white, antemedial fascia complete 3. aureovirens.
2. Head pale straw yellow, antemedial fascia angulate, or not reaching costa.
2. taylorella.
1. I. russatella Clemens. Deep brown; head ochreous, with rough face; antenna; annulate, purple and gold; a pale golden fascia a fourth way out on fore wing, slightly wider at inner margin, not always reaching costa; costal and dorsal spots at middle and traces of a pale costal subterminal spot. Apical fringe white-tipped. 13 mm.
Apparently not common. May; July.
Both wings are normally scaled.
Canada to Pennsylvania and District of Columbia. New York: Ithaca.
2. I. taylorella Kearfott. Head pale straw yellow, darker above; antennae annu- late, pale straw and brown; fore wing with fascia extending up from inner
7(> WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
margin, typically not reaching costa, but if so, narrow and angulate; spot beyond middle of costa very large, and rather beyond the corresponding dorsal spot; sub- terminal spot sending a spur down in dorsal fringe almost to anal angle. 18 mm.
May; July. The structure is as in russateHa, and the species is near capitella of Europe, which bores in the stem of Kibes. It is doubtfully distinct from I. russa- Iclla and occurs with it at New Brighton, Pennsylvania.
Mt. Washington, New Hampshire; Ottawa, Ontario; British Columbia. New York: Newcomb.
.'1. I. aureovirens Dietz. Hind wing narrower than fore wing, ovate-lanceolate, with hair-scaling. Markings about like 7. taylorclla. 6. mm.
Pennsylvania. This species is unknown to me.
/. labradorella Clemens, with fuscous head and markings much like russatella, belongs here doubtfully; the type only is known, from Labrador.
4. CHALCEOPLA Braun (Cyanauges Braun, not Gorham; Incurvaria; Tineola, in part)
Head very hairy, labial palpi minute, drooping, not extending beyond the front; tongue and maxillary palpi obsolete. Venation as in Incurvaria; fore wing (in the eastern species) overlaid with golden' hair-scales.
Key to the species
Ground purple 1. dietziella.
Ground blue-green 2. cyanella.
1. C. dietziella Kearfott. Face very rough; Mt and M2 stalked in hind wing. Fore wing when fresh with golden hair-scales mixed with the normal scales. Head old gold; body and antennae fuscous; fore wing with the normal scales purple, with golden bases, which are exposed in rubbed specimens. Hind wing slightly brower. 9 mm. (Incurvaria, Tineola.)
June. The larva possibly on Cornus. Essex Co., New Jersey.
2. C. cyanella Busck. Mt and M2 free. Head brilliant orange-ochre, the antennae contrasting, blackish; body and fore wings deep metallic green, the hair-scales golden; hind wings purple. (Incurvaria Busck.)
Alleghany Co., Pennsylvania; Cincinnati, Ohio; doubtfully from Maryland.
5. PARACLEMENSIA Dyar
(Brackenridgia Busck 1903, not Aldrich 1902; Incurvaria, in part)
Similar to Incurvaria, with narrow sparse scaling on the lanceolate hind wing; M... of fore wing lost, M! and M2 of hind wing short-stalked. Antennae irregu- larly scaled (fig. 48). Larva at first a leaf -miner, later in a lenticular case, eating crescentic paths in the tissue of the leaves. (Fig. 48.)
1. P. acerifoliella Fitch. Under-scaling deep purple-blue, densely overlaid with peacock green; hind wing pale, translucent. Head orange, antennae black. 9 mm. (iiidella Chambers; Ornix Fitch).
Larva (Maple case-bearer) on maple (normally only on rock maple) ; and more rarely birch, oak, beech, and huckleberry (Braun); occasionally in injurious numbers.
Massachusetts to British Columbia. New York: St. Lawrence County, generally; Black Brook (Clinton Co.), Ithaca, McLean, Albany, Bolton (Felt), Deposit.
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 77
6. EUDARCIA Clemens
(Meessia Spuler)
Face exceptionally rough; eyes extremely small, but prominent and visible from above, behind the antennae, which are longer than fore wing. Fore wing (fig. 45) with one medial lost; closing vein of accessory cell weak and arising before end of discal cell, making R, and R3 appear stalked together; hind wing two-thirds as wide as fore wing, with broad fringe; one medial lost, cell open above Cu and base of media preserved.
The larva lives in a flat, ovoid, rough case, on lichens. E. simulatricella is closely related to E. vinculella of Europe.
1. E. simulatricella Clemens. Blackish; head ochreous. Fore wing with a fascia a third way out, costal and dorsal spots opposite each other at middle, an apical spot, not reaching either margin, and extreme tip of fringe white. 9 mm. (bipuiic- tella Walsingham).
Pennsylvania.
2. E. caemitariella Chambers. Similar to E. simulatricella,, no white in fringe, markings generally much narrower and more oblique. 9 mm.
In the type specimen the fascia is broken; there are three median spots, the middle one farther out and obscure, and two white spots beyond, on costa.
This species has been confused with the similarly marked Ornix gutted,, but the type is undoubtedly Adelid. I have seen no other specimens.
Kentucky; Gulf States.
7. ADELA Latreille
Antennae (fig. 46) at least as long as fore wings, almost always several times as long in male, but relatively short and roughly scaled toward base in most females; with large basal joint. Eyes varying from very small to very large, larger in male ; tongue strong, scaled at base ; maxillary palpi minute, porrect ; labial palpi bristly; vertex with long, bristly hair, front variable. Hind tibire in several species heavily bristled. Ovipositor of female strong, simpler than in Tegeticula. Fore wings (fig. 43) with all ten veins arising from the cell, pre- served, R6 running to costa; all veins free, or R3 and R^ shortly stalked; hind wings with all veins free, or M, and M2 connate or stalked; Sc much swollen at base, Rt not recognizable.
The larvae (fig. 51), when young, live, as a rule, in flowers or seeds; when older, they form a lenticular case of two, flat, oval pieces of leaf, in which they pupate. Their prolegs are extremely primitive, each consisting of two areas of hooks, grading off into the normal skin-granulations, and separated by a narrow fold of membrane. The leg on the sixth segment of the abdomen is reduced, and there is none on the anal segment. The pupa is normal.
Key to the species
A patch of black spots near anal angle (speculum) 1. ridingsella.
No speculum.
A white postmedian fascia 2. purpura.
Immaculate blue 3. bella.
1. A. ridingsella Clemens. Antennae relatively short (in male twice as long as fore wing, and one and one -fourth times in female); face hairy, palpi moderate, eyes small; fore wing with R-, and R, stalked, hind wing with M, and M, stalked. Head dark, antennae annulated with white, fore wing yellow-brown, with a pale grayish patch beyond middle, covered with rows of black dots; with a silvery
78 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
fascia l>oforc its middle, and shorter ones beyond it near margins; speculum of about (i black patches with silver scales between them. 13 mm. (sclilcegeri Zeller; Dicte coruscofasciclla Chambers).
June, July.
Maine to mountains of North Carolina: northern Pennsylvania. New York: Rock City (Cattaraugus Co.), Ithaca.
2. A. purpura Walker. Antenna; in male three times as long as fore wing; face hairy, palpi very bushy, eyes of moderate size; all veins widely separate in fore wing, M! and M2 stalked in hind wing. Greenish to purplish bronzy with a white medial fascia, and a costal bar beyond the fascia, both edged with black. 14 nun. (biviella Zeller).
The moth is found on willow bloom in April.
Nova Scotia to northern New Jersey and Manitoba. New York: Cranberry Creek.
3. A. bella Chambers. Antennae four times as long as fore wing in male; one aud one-half times as long and thickened with scales toward base in female; face smoothly scaled, strongly oblique inward to mouth; eyes small, palpi small and - -jakly bristled; hind tibia smooth. Venation as in A. purpura. Purple-green with lines of brighter, blue-purple iridescence toward apex. Antennae black, with outer half white. 14 mm. (chalybeis Zeller; oichroa Zeller).
This species may be the same as A. cceruleella Walker.
Southern New Jersey, and southern Ohio to Texas. New York : Crugers.
8. NEMOTOIS Hiibner (Adela, in part)
Similar to Adela in all stages; eyes typically very large in male, though small in our species; R and M: of hind wing stalked.
1. N. bellella Walker. Male antennae over twice as long as fore wings; female short and thickened with black scales on the basal half. Fore wing dull, old gold, striate with purple on veins, the inner margin and apex solidly purple; a broad, golden fascia two-thirds way out, and a streak in base of fold. 16 mm.
Canada; Colorado.
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 79
SUPERFAMILY NEPTICULOIDEA
Family 5. NEPTICULID^I
Annette F. Braun
Head and face tufted. Antennae not exceeding three-fourths of winp: length, rather thick, with basal segment enlarged and concave beneath to form an eye-cap. Labial palpi short, porrect or drooping. Maxil- lary palpi long, filiform, folded. Tongue rudimentary. Posterior tibiae with bristles above. Wing membrane aculeate. Fore wings (fig. 52) with media coalescing with radius from base to beyond middle of wing, so that all the branches of radius and media appear to arise from one stem; or coalescing with cubitus for a short distance from base, then, either passing obliquely outward to radius just beyond RO+.,, and anastomosing with radius to beyond middle of wing, as before, or remaining separate from radius, in which case (Trifurcula) R4+5 is absent. R2i3 coincident. R4+5 separating beyond M, or coalesc- ing to apex. Cubitus unbranched, sometimes coincident with M or becoming obsolete beyond its point of separation from M. Second anal vein very prominent. Crossveins absent. A fibula (jugum) present in females of the more primitive genera. Hind wings (fig. 52) with subcosta and Rx coincident ; Rs and M coalescing to about the middle of the wing. Media one- or two-branched. Cubitus unbranched. No crossveins. Frenulum of male consisting of a single strong spine; of female, rudimentary, of several minute spines. The function of the frenulum is performed, in the female, by a series of curved spines along base of costa. Hind wing one-half to almost as broad as the fore wing.
The moths, because of their minute size and retired habits, and very rapid and irregular flight, are not frequently seen. Early in the spring, some species may be collected resting in the crevices of bark. Later, moths may sometimes be found on leaves, usually those of their food plants. Occasionally, because of the peculiarity of all the indi- viduals of a single generation maturing and emerging at the same time, great numbers of moths may be seen on leaves of the food plant and neighboring plants. To secure an adequate representation of the group, however, rearing of the moths from larvae is necessary.
With the exception of several gall-making species of Ectcedemia, the larvae of all species of which the life history is known, are miners within the tissues of leaves or in bark (rarely in fruits). They show a preference for trees and shrubs, but not a few mine leaves of herb- aceous plants. When full grown, the larva, with few exceptions, leaves the mine, and, dropping to the ground, spins a dense, flattened cocoon amongst the rubbish or in the loose surface soil.
so
WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
FIGS. 52-61. NBPTICULID.E (Annette F. Braun)
52, Wings of Nepticula nyssaefoliella, female; 53, wings of Nepticula nyssaefoliella, male; 54, wings of Ectoedemia kemrichi, female; 55, wings of Obrussa ochrefasciella, male; 56, wings of Nepticula termvnella,, female; 57, wings of Glaucolepis saccharella, male; 58, mine of Nepticula pallida; 59, mine of Nepticula nyssaefoliella; 60, mine of Nepticula saginella; 61, mine of Nepticula pomivorella
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 81
The egg is a minute oval body attached to the surface of the leaf or bark by a minute, glistening speck of cement, which renders its location visible even to the naked eye.
The larva of Nepticula upon hatching eats directly into the leaf, and makes a very narrow, linear mine (figs. 58 to 61), which is at first often difficult to discern, since in its early stages, the larva consumes but a small part of the leaf tissue. This mine may continue as a linear mine, gradually broadening throughout its course, or it may at some period abruptly enlarge into a blotch. In the latter parts the mine is semitransparent and easily visible. The mine of any one species is very constant and characteristic in appearance, and, in most instances, serves for immediate identification of the species. The species of Ectredemia are gall-producers or bark-miners in forest trees.
The larva is slightly flattened, with the head deeply retracted into the prothorax, due to the lengthening of the dorsal side of the head. Locomotor organs are represented by mere roughened protuberances; such rudimentary feet are present on segments three and four, on seg- ments six to eleven, inclusive, and sometimes on the last segment in Nepticula; in Ectredemia there are sometimes one or two additional pairs of rudimentary processes.
The cocoon is spun of dense brown or yellowish silk, flattened oval in general outline, but usually broader at its anterior end, around which a fissure extends, guarded by the smooth projecting edges of the two halves of the cocoon. Through this fissure the pupa is thrust at emergence. In some species, the flat, projecting edges form a rim extending entirely around the cocoon.
The pupa is flattened ovate; all the appendages are free and seg- mented; and segments one to seven inclusive of the abdomen are free. The pupa shows in some respects a resemblance to that of the primitive Eriocraniidae.
The moth is active almost immediately after emergence, running rapidly up and down the sides of the breeding jar, and in an incredibly short time has the full use of its wings. When at rest, the wings lie almost horizontal, meeting in a line down the middle of the back.
Key to the genera (European genera in brackets) A. RB of fore wing present.
B. Media of fore wing with three branches (Scoliaulai. BB. Media of fore wing with one or two branches. C. Media of fore wing two-branched.
D. Media of hind wing two-branched 1. Glaucolepis.
DD. Media of hind wing single-branched 2. Obrussa.
CC. Media of fore wing single-branched.
D. Middle spurs of posterior tibia in or above the middle .... 4. Nepticula. DD. Middle spurs of posterior tibiae below the middle 3. Ectoedemia.
82 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
1. GLAUCOLEPIS Braun
Eye-cap large. Middle spurs of posterior tibise in the middle. Fore wings elongate ovate; hind wings nearly equaling the fore wings in breadth, in the male; three-fourths of the width of the fore wing in the female. Fore wings (fig. 57); cubitus coincident with media, which anastomoses with radius from R..+3 to beyond middle of wing; M3 absent; M2 arising before separation of M and R. Hind wings: media two-branched.
1. G. saccharella Braun. Tuft brownish ocherous, eye-caps bhiish white. Thorax and basal fourth of fore wing blue or purple metallic; remainder of wing black with a broad, bluish silvery fascia just beyond middle; cilia pale bluish. Hind wings of male with oval, yellow patch of androconia. 4 mm.
Very long serpentine mines in leaves of maples.
2. OBRUSSA Braun
Eye-cap large. Labial palpi well developed. Middle spurs of the posterior tibia1 alwve the middle. Fore wings elongate ovate, with fibula in the female; hind wings a little over one-half the breath of the fore wings. Fore wings (fig. 55) ; media coalescing with cubitus at base, then passing obliquely to radius beyond R2+3, and anastomosing with radius to beyond middle of wing. R4 separate. M, and M, coalescing for a short distance beyond separation of M and R. M- absent. Cubitus becoming obsolete beyond its separation from M. Hind wings: media single-branched.
Represented by a single species whose early stages are entirely unknown.
1. 0. ochrefasciella Chambers. Tuft ochraceous; eye-caps buff. Fore wing blackish brown with a pale ocherous fascia at basal third; scattered ocherous scales at two-thirds, forming indistinct transverse line in female. Last row of scales at apex and cilia pale ocherous. Underside of wing of male with androconia. 6.5-8 mm.
3. ECTCKDEMIA Busck
Basal segment of antennae enlarged and concave beneath to form an eye-cap. Labial palpi somewhat longer than in Nepticula. Middle spurs of posterior tibiae below the middle. Fore wings elongate ovate, pointed; fibula present in the female; hind wings two-thirds to three-fourths as wide as fore wings; nearly as long as the fore wings. Fore wings (fig. 54) ; media coalescing with cubitus at base, then passing obliquely to radius .beyond R2+3, and anastomosing with radius to beyond middle of wing. R4 separate/ Media single -branched. Cubitus reach- ing margin. Hind wings: media single-branched.
The position of the middle spurs on the posterior tibiae, the relatively smaller eye-caps, and the broader wings will distinguish this genus from those species of Nepticula which have identical venation.
The larvae of the species whose life history is known form galls on twigs or petioles, or are miners in the bark of twigs. The egg is somewhat more circular in outline than that of Nepticula. There is but a single generation of the moths a year, as would be expected from the peculiarities of the life history.
In all but the unicolorous E. populclla, the fore wings are mottled* with fuscous scales, or with dark-tipped scales. Ill-defined markings are formed by the group- ing of these dark scales in patches. The markings differ from those species of Nepticula which resemble Ectcedemia most in structural characters.
LEPIDOPTERA OF NEW YORK AND NEIGHBORING STATES 83
Key to species
a. Fore wings unicolorous 1. populella.
aa. Fore wings mottled.
b. Dark-tipped scales evenly distributed 2. castanece.
bb. Dark-tipped scales more or less collected into patches.
c. Base of fore wing with scattered dusting, except near costa..5. obrutella. cc. Dusting dense near base of wing.
d. A poorly defined, pale fascia at basal third 4. heinrichi.
dd. No fascia at basal third 3. phleophaga.
1. E. populella Busck. Tuft reddish ocherous, eye -caps pale yellowish. Fore wings shining coppery brown, with green and violet iridescence. 7—8 . 5 mm.
The larvae form almost globular galls, of the size of a pea, on the petioles of leaves of poplar. The larva is full-grown in October. The moth appears in May.
2. E. castaneas Busck. Tuft black above; eye-caps creamy -white. Fore wing clothed with bluish white scales, which are mostly deeply tipped with blackish brown, so that the wing is almost uniformily densely dusted. 7.5-8 mm.
The larvae form cylindrical galls encircling young twigs of chestnut.
3. E. phleophaga Busck. Tuft ocherous. Thorax and basal half of fore wring dark bluish fuscous, outer half paler, bluish with dark-tipped scales; an ill- defined, ocherous costal and an opposite dorsal patch at apical third. 9-10 mm.
Serpentine mines in bark of chestnut: larva full grown in April and May; imago in September.
4. E. heinrichi Busck. Tuft black, eye-caps creamy-white. Fore wing pale ocher- ous, densely dusted with blackish fuscous scales, which tend to form patches. The dark dusting is usually absent or scattered at the extreme base of wing "vcept along costa and on two poorly defined, transverse fasciae, one at basal third, the other at apical third; the second fascia sometimes almost obliterated by dusting. 9-10 mm.
The larva forms a characteristic, flattened-oval, spiral mine in the bark of young branches of pin oak (Quercus palustris). The larva? are full-grown in October and early November, producing moths in May and June of the following year.
5. E. obrutella Zeller. Differs from the two preceding species chiefly by the scattered dusting of the basal half of wing. Food plant unknown, thus far recorded only from Texas.
4. NEPTICULA von Heyden
Basal segment of antennae dilated and concave beneath to form a large eye-cap. Middle spurs of posterior tibiae in or above the middle. Fore wings elongate ovate, pointed; hind wings one-half to two-thirds as wide as fore wings. Fore wings ( figs. 52, 53, 56 ) ; media coalescing with radius from base to beyond middle of wing, or coalescing with cubitus at base and passing obliquely to radius beyond R,+3 and anastomosing with radius to beyond middle of wing as before. R, sometimes coincident with R5. Media single -branched. Cubitus usually reach- ing nearly to margin. Hind wings : media single-branched.
As far as is known, the larvae of all of the North American species are miners within the tissues of leaves. The egg is placed on either the upper or under sur- face of the leaf, often along the side of a vein, and the larva passes directly into the interior of the leaf. The larva usually mines just beneath the upper epider- mis, consuming the palisade layer of cells, and in later stages, some of the spongy parenchyma cells. In thin leaves, the mine seems more transparent, because of the originally smaller number of these cells and the looseness of their arrange- ment. Where the upper or lower surface is mined indiscriminately, as is done by N. populetorum in the leaves of poplar, the cross section of the leaf shows palisade
84 WILLIAM T. M. FORBES
cells on either