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5
ENGINEER DEPARTMENT, UNITED STATES ARMY.
rer oOR T
ULON
. GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL
EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS
WEST OF THE ONE HUNDREDTH MERIDIAN,
IN CHARGE OF
FIRST LIEUT. GEO. M. WHEELER,
CORPS OF ENGINEERS, U. 8. ARMY,
UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
BRIG, GEN. A. A. HUMPHREYS,
CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY.
PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF HON. WM. W. BELKNAP, SECRETARY OF WAR, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACTS OF CONGRESS OF JUNE 23, 1874, AND FEBRUARY 15, 1875.
IN SIX VOLUMES, ACCOMPANIED BY ONE TOPOGRAPHICAL AND ONE GEOLOGICAL ATLAS.
CHAPTER III. VOL. V.—ZOOLOGY.
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, S75.
\
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
Page. LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
INTRODUCTORY LETTER, BY Dr. H. C. Yarrow, ACTING ASSISTANT SURGEON, U. S. A., SURGEON AND ZO6LOGIST
* * *
Cuarrer IIJ.—REPORT UPON THE ORNITHOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS MADE IN PORTIONS OF NEVADA,
Uran, Carrrornta, CoLtorapdo, NEw MEXICO, AND ARIZONA DURING THE YEARS 1871, 1872, 1873, aND 1874, By H. W. Hensuaw
we * * * * *
LIST OF
PLATES.
BIRDS.
Puate I. Fic. 1. TryOTHORUS BEWICKI VAR. LEUCO- GASTER, AD. Fic. 2. COTURNICULUS PASSERINUS VAR. PER- PALLIDUS, AD. Prate II. PYRANGA ZSTIVA VAR. COOPERI, ¢ AD. PuLatTE III. PYRANGA ZSTIVA VAR. COOPERI, 2 AD. Prate IV. Fia. 1. CHRYSOMITRIS PSALTRIA VAR. ARIZONA, gf AD. Fic, 2. CHRYSOMITRIS PSALTRIA, f AD. Prater V. L&UCOSTICTE AUSTRALIS, ¢ AD.
Pratt VI. LEUCOSTICTE AUSTRALIS, Q AD. Prater VII. Fig. 1. ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS VAR. GAM- BELT, AD. * * *
PriatE VIL—Continued.
Fic. 2. ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS VAR. INTER-
MEDIA AD.
Puate VIII.
JUNCO OREGONUS VAR. ANNECTENS, ¢ AD. PLATE IX.
JUNCO CINEREUS VAR. DORSALIS, AD. Pratr X.
JUNCO CINEREUS, AD. PLATE XI.
POOSPIZA BELLI VAR. NEVADENSIS, AD. Puatr XII.
CYANOCITTA ULTRAMARINA VAR. ARIZONA, AD, Prate XIII.
PERISOREUS CANADENSIS VAR. CAPITALIS, AD. PLATE XIV.
MYIODYNASTES LUTEIVENTRIS, ¢ AD. PLATE XV.
ASTURINA NITIDA VAR. PLAGIATA, AD.
* * *
The plates illustrating this volume were engraved and printed by Messrs. Thos. Sinclair & Son, of Philadelphia. The bird plates were drawn from nature by Mr. Robert Ridgway, of the Smithsonian Institution.
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
Unirep States ENGINEER OFFICE, GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATIONS AND SURVEYS West oF THE ONE HUNDREDTH MERIDIAN, Washington, D. C., February 5, 1875.
Genera: | have the honor to transmit herewith a report based upon the results of the examinations of the collections in zodlogy, made by the several field parties of the survey during the years 1871 to 1874, inclusive.
In the examination and identification of these collections, several gen- tlemen, eminent in this branch of scientific investigation, have cheerfully rendered valuable assistance, and their reports, together with those by members of the survey, constitute the subject-matter of this volume.
The general collation of the data and supervision for publication has been intrusted to Acting Assistant Surgeon H.C. Yarrow, United States Army, in addition to his duties as medical officer during and since 1872, in which he has manifested commendable energy.
Skilled assistance in this branch was had for the first time in the expe- dition of 1871; the services of Acting Assistant Surgeon W. J. Hoffman, United States Amy, by detail through the Medical Department, and of Mr. Ferdinand Bischoff, having been secured.
In 1872, Acting Assistant Surgeon H. C. Yarrow, United States Army, with the assistance of Mr. H. W. Henshaw, and incidentally of other mem- bers of the expedition, accomplished most satisfactory results.
In 1873, the force was further augmented by the services of Acting Assistant Surgeons J. T. Rothrock and C. G. Newberry, United States Army, and Mr. John Wolf, collector.
The field operations of the survey require the services of medical offi- cers in their professional capacity, yet not to such an extent as to preclude their availability for labor in other directions, hence their assignment to
investigations in the important branches of zodlogy. 13
14 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
In an organization formed for exact geographical purposes, the auxiliary branches must of need be secondary to the main object; still, it is believed that this report will meet all just expectations, especially when the depend- ency under which the material was obtained and the limited additional expense incurred are considered.
The collections made have generally been large, and include a fair pro- portion of new and rare specimens. Many of them have been forwarded to the Smithsonian Institution, and a number of crania and osteological specimens have been collected for the Army Medical Museum.
The services of the gentlemen whose analytical reports are herewith, and of the officers of the Army who have rendered valuable assistance to the field parties, are gratefully acknowledged.
To Brig. Gen. M. C. Meigs, Quartermaster-General United States Army, who has so fully sympathized with the objects of the survey, thanks are due.
The active and hearty co-operation of the Medical Department, for which much is due to Surgeon-General J. K. Barnes and Assistant Surgeon- General C. H. Crane, in supplying medical officers with tastes for natural history work, has conduced largely to the gratifying results obtained.
For want of space, the final Botanical Report has been excluded, and will appear separately as Volume VI, embracing results to the date of its issue.
The accumulating material in the subjects of Ethnology, Philology, and Ruins will, as time and means permit, be consolidated into a separate report, with appropriate illustrations.
In conclusion, I beg to express my hearty appreciation of the services of the professional gentlemen who have been engaged in this field of research.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, Geo. M. WureE.er, Lieutenant of Engineers, in Charge.
Brig. Gen. A. A. Humrnreys, Chief of Engineers, United States Army.
PE RODRET OY. LETT ER.
Unirep Srares Encrneer OFFICE, GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATIONS AND SuRVEYS West OF THE ONE HUNDREDTH MerIpIAN, Washington, D. C., February 1, 1875.
Sir: The following brief statement of the operations of the zodlogical work of the expedition for the years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874, based upon the collections made by different members of the party in this period, and
-embracing an epitomized account of certain portions of the different Terri- tories visited by the collectors, may prove of interest, besides assisting in giving an idea of the features of the several regions as regards geographical distribution.
Although the active operations of the expedition were inaugurated in 1869, owing to various circumstances it was not until 1871 that facilities adequate to a proper prosecution of natural history work, as an item of interest collateral to the special object of the survey, topography, were available. Anticipating at this time that the country through which the expedition must pass, being but little known and seldom visited, would prove a rich field for the study of the naturalist in developing the existence of many forms of animal and vegetable life, rare, if not new, to science, the services of Acting Assistant Surgeon W. J. Hoffman, United States Army, were secured, together with those of Mr. F. Bischoff, a collector of recog- nized skill and enthusiasm, to whom was confided the task of collecting.
' The points of departure in 1871 were: Carlin and Battle Mountain, Nev., on the Central Pacific Railroad; the point of disbandment, Tucson, Arizona; the area between these places extending about eight degrees in latitude, and longitudinally from the 110th to the 119th degree.
The several rendezvous were: Belmont, Nev.; Camp Independence, Cal.; Cottonwood Springs, Nev.; Crossing of the Colorado River, Truxton
Springs, Prescott, and Camp Apache, Arizona. on? b] y) 15
16 INTRODUCTORY LETTER.
The expedition being divided, a collector was assigned to each of the main parties, who diverged therefrom in the vicinity of the rendezvous camps and other desirable points along the line of travel. In this way, facility was also afforded for visiting portions of Nevada, California, and Utah, which were minutely examined; special attention being paid to the areas in basins of drainage of large parts of the several interior basins, as Owens River, Death Valley, Amargosa Desert, Las Vegas Valley, valleys of the Muddy and Rio Virgen, southeastern edges of the San Francisco Plateau, Verde and Salt Rivers, and Rio Gila. The map of the region in question, however, affords a more graphic as well as a better explanation of the localities visited than would any written description. :
The reports on the parts of the collection which were received show that the regions visited are possessed of great interest to the student of natural history, and with the study of the specimens themselves can hardly fail to extend greatly our knowledge of the range of the fauna and flora of North America. ‘
It is to be regretted that the great fire in Chicago left but few of the specimens gathered; those that remain, however, suffice to attest the reputa- tion for zeal and industry of the gentlemen by whom the collection was made, and are abundant evidence to warrant the belief that the collection entire must have been extremely interesting. ,
Confident, perhaps, of the recent universally marked increase in atten- tion to this branch of natural science, and of the great enthusiasm being manifested by foreign governments in kindred researches, and, perchance, not unmindful of the necessity for increased knowledge of our own fauna and flora, for the proper study of the fauna and flora of other lands, and that to this end specimens were necessary for comparison to establish the degrees of resemblance which exist between different bodies, in 1872 every facility practicable was afforded.
In 1872, the natural history branch of the survey was placed in my charge, with Mr. H. W. Henshaw, as assistant. The expedition was organ- ized at Salt Lake City, where investigations were made in regard to the natural history of the vicinity of Great Salt Lake.
From this point, Mr. Henshaw and myself proceeded south fifty miles
”
INTRODUCTORY LETTER. 17
to Provo, Utah, where two weeks were most profitably spent in the vicinity of the city, the cations of the Wahsatch range, Utah Lake, and the Provo River. At Provo the two collectors separated, the former joining Lieu- tenant Hoxie’s party on the‘way to Eastern Nevada, while the latter pro- ceeded with your party through Spanish Fork Cafon to the valley of the Gunnison, and southward.
Lieutenant Hoxie’s route was from Fairfield, Utah, making a detour westward to Fillmore, Utah, passing en route the Onaqui, Thomas, House, and Gosi-Ute ranges of mountains, and following quite closely the outward course of Captain Simpson in 1858 and 1859, the southern limit of the so-galled American Desert was crossed, the extreme western limit reached being Schell Creek Valley, Nevada. From this point, the direction was south by east to Snake Creek Valley, due east across Confusion Range, past White Valley, traversing the House Range by means of Dome Canon, south, to the crossing of the Sevier, a short distance above=Deseret City, and thence to Fillmore. :
The country traversed by this party was, in most instances, here and there, for miles in extent, either wholly destitute of vegetation, or at times relieved of its frightful barrenness by patches of sage-brush or dreary alka- line flats; even the few streams and water courses met with were triflingly diminutive, while the vegetation on their banks bordered well on to sterility. From the uninviting and infertile character of the country, and the rapidity with which the party necessarily moved, results in the way of specimens were not remarkable, although those secured amply repaid the time spent in their collection, and seemed to fully mark many of the peculiarities of the fauna and flora of the districts traversed. .
From Fillmore the march was southerly along the main range in exten- sion south of the Wahsatch, crossing this at Frémont’s Pass; thence to the eastern valley of the Sevier, which was followed south to Panquitch, at which point much interesting work was done near the town and lake of the same name. From Panquitch the route was south and west to the Rio Virgen, along which the course lay to Toquerville, a rendezvous camp.
The party to which Mr. Henshaw, assistant, was attached, after cross- ing the main range, passed southward through Strawberry, Thistle, Sam
22%
18 INTRODUCTORY LETTER.
Pitch, and Grass Valleys, through Frémont’s Pass westward to the regular wagon road, thence south to Toquerville. At the last mentioned point, minor party was organized for special operations, and consisted of two col- lectors and assistants. This section, under myself, proceeded south to Saint George, Utah, via Washington, Utah, thence westward and northward to Pine Valley, east to Harmony, and north to Beaver, and finally to Provo, where considerable time was spent, as at the commencement of the field work. By moving leisurely from point to point, and making detours from time to time to localities of special interest, many valuable specimens were secured, as well as much important information that it would hardly have been possible otherwise to have gained. Irom Provo, the party proceeded to Salt Lake City, and disbanded.
The reports of the operations of the season will show that while much was accomplished of value to our own knowledge of the animal and vege- table characteristics of the region specially visited, the extensive collections obtained will enable a distribution ‘to foreign museums of duplicate speci- mens, many of them unique, and highly desired to fill gaps in the Old World representations of North American zodlogy.
Finding that the results of the previous season fully warranted the increased facilities then afforded this branch of the expedition, it was determined in 1873 to prosecute with renewed vigor observations incident to this interesting study, and the following were named to continue the work, viz: Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Dr. C. G. Newberry, Dr. O. Loew, and Mr. H. W. Henshaw. The party rendezvoused at Denver, Colo.; Dr. Rothrock being assigned to Lieutenant Marshall’s party, Dr. Newberry to Lieutenant Russell's, and Dr. Loew to your own, Mr. Henshaw setting out in advance to make collections at special points.
The party under Lieutenant Marshall left Denver, and proceeded west- ward through Middle Park, visiting Georgetown, Fairplay, South Park, Roaring Fork, Cochetopa, Saguache, and Tierra Amarilla. The party to which Dr. Newberry and Dr. Loew were attached operated in Northern and Southern New Mexico and Arizona; Mr. Henshaw joining Lieutenant Rus- sell’s party at Fort Wingate in Western New Mexico, and proceeded through
Western and Southern Arizona. The very extensive collection of these gen-
INTRODUCTORY LETTER. 19
tlemen fully attests their zeal and industry in their respective departments. To Dr. Rothrock, and his assistant, Professor Wolf, is due the credit of a botanical collection hardly surpassed under similar circumstances in point ° of number and variety of specimens, and to Mr. Henshaw that of a unique and unprecedented collection of 1,200 bird skins.
In 1874, the results of the zodlogical collectors were simply unexam- pled, as a collection was secured excelling in value and magnitude that of any similar expedition. A party, consisting of Dr. J. T. Rothrock, H. W. Henshaw, and James M. Rutter, took the field early in May, and proceeded to Santa Fé, N. Mex., from which point their labors commenced. The route of travel selected was through portions of Western New Mexico and Arizona; the farthest southern point reached being old Camp Crittenden, not far from the Mexican boundary line, returning through Eastern Arizona and New Mexico to their point of departure in the latter part of December. Being independent of the topographical parties, they were enabled to care- fully study the fauna and flora of certain areas not previously investigated, and in addition acquired valuable meteorological data. Another party left Pueblo, Colo., in July, consisting of Prof. E. D. Cope, W. G. Shedd, and R. J. Ainsworth, in charge of myself, and was organized for the especial purpose of investigating beds of fossil vertebrates and invertebrates in New Mexico and Colorado. As a detailed account of the routes of travel of the different parties has already been given in your annual report for 1874, it is unnecessary to repeat it here. In addition, the main or supply party had the services of C. E. Aiken as collector, who was able to add very largely to the stock of material gathered; and Dr. O. Loew, with Lieutenant Price’s party, likewise furnished an important share.
Besides the labors of the regular collectors, it is pleasing to note the co-operation of many of the members of the different parties, who offered every assistance in their power to swell the general aggregate of results, among whom were Lieutenants Marshall, Hoxie, Russell, Whipple, and Birnie; Dr. O. Loew; and Messrs. Keasbey, Klett, Thompson, Gilbert, Howell, and Brown. It is also mentioned with pleasure that, during the entire time covered by the field operations of the survey, all the officers at the different military posts visited, cheerfully rendered every assistance
20 INTRODUCTORY LETTER.
desired, and to their courtesy and uniform kindness much of the success of the natural history operations is attributable.
In the special work of preparing the reports relative to its collections,
the expedition is under obligations to a number of distinguished scientists
for their kind and gratuitous services in the work of identification of the
individual specimens. The following are among the large number of the
gentlemen in question:
In the determination of—
Birds, Prof. S. F. Baird; Dr. Elliott Coues, U.S. A.; Mr. Robert Ridg- way, of the Smithsonian; Prof. J. A. Allen; Mr. George N. Lawrence, of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York; Mr. C. Hart Merriam, of the Yale Scientific School; Dr. Thomas Brewer, of Boston; Mr. William Brewster, of Cambridge; Mr. Charles E. Aiken, of Colorado; and Capt. C. Bendire, U.S. A. “
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
H. C. Yarrow, Acting Assistant Surgeon United States Army.
First Lieut. Grorce M. WuHeeter, Corps of Engineers United States Army, in charge.
Cea AS 1h By. Fr.
REPORT
UPON
THE ORNITHOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS
MADE IN PORTIONS OF NEVADA, UTAH, CALIFORNIA, COLORADO, NEW MEXICO, AND ARIZONA, DURING THE YEARS 1871, 1872, 1873, ann 1874, BY
H, WY HENSHAW.
CeAce TER SEL.
The following report is based upon the material gathered by the regular collectors of the expeditions, which has been increased by some few speci- mens from other of the survey assistants, during the field-seasons of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. In 1871, the collection of birds, made mostly by Mr. F. Bischoff, was quite small, comprising sixty-four species, represented by eighty-eight specimens.* These came from various parts of Nevada and Arizona, the greater portion being found in the latter Territory, and were interesting as illustrating, in several instances, valuable facts regarding the geographical distribution of certain forms. The entire loss of Mr. Bischoff’s manuscript notes is greatly to be regretted, since doubtless was recorded in them much information concerning the birds making up the collection, which would have added very much to the value of the report.
Besides the report of 1871, and in addition to my own work, which extends through the seasons of 1872, 1873, and 1874, it also includes the results in this department of Dr. H. C. Yarrow in 1872, whose labors, as well as my own, were confined chiefly to Utah. In 1873, the general results were further swelled by a collection of some two hundred birds, made by the joint exertions of Dr. J. T. Rothrock and Dr.C. G. Newberry. In 1874, besides much aid received from Dr. Rothrock and Mr. Jas. M. Rutter, who, with myself, were engaged during the entire season chiefly in Arizona, a valuable collection of fine skins, amounting to over three hundred specimens, representing no less than one hundred and fifteen species, were gathered in Colorado by Mr. C. E. Aiken, who accompanied the expedition as general naturalist. Be- sides many valuable specimens, which, by their labors, were added to the collection, I am indebted to each of these gentlemen for certain information -respecting the habits and range of species, some of which were not met with by myself at all.
“These, at least, were all that were received at the office. Some of the season’s results were lost by fire. 133
134 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
All such notes have been made available, and in each instance will be found accredited to its proper source. In 1872, the months inclusive from July 15th to December were spent in the field, during which time over six hundred birds were collected by Dr. Yarrow and myself, including one hundred and sixty-five species. The route taken was a varied one; but, in general, the line of travel may be stated as a southern or southwestern one, from Salt Lake City to Saint George, the extreme southwestern settlement in the Terri- tory. Many of the lines of travel led over plains of sage-brush and wastes of sand, remarkable for little else save the desolate character seen in every feature of the landscape and the paucity of animal life. In the neighborhood of the streams, however, where vegetation always grows luxuriantly, and especially in the vicinity of the towns, birds were found in considerable num- bers, and often the number of species was considerable. The mountains, too, furnished some interesting varieties, though less time was spent among them than would have been desirable, since it is in the more elevated regions that the heavy growths of forest and profuse vegetation, attain their greatest luxuriance, dependent as they are almost entirely upon the amount of annual rain-fall, which, in the high mountains of these regions, is very considerable. In 1874, the time was spent in sections of country far more favorable to the successful prosecution of zodlogical work in general, while certain points proved especially interesting to the ornithologist. As a result of the season’s labors of Dr. Rothrock, Dr. Newberry, and myself, more than two hundred species of birds were obtained, included in an aggregate of very nearly twelve hundred specimens, many of which were of great rarity, and one (Eugenes fulgens) new to our fauna. Others also were noted, and their identity ascertained beyond doubt, of which no specimens were secured. The following brief réswmé of the season’s work, indicating the points where any considerable intervals of time were spent, may prove of interest. In accordance with orders received, I made an early start, and arrived in Denver the 5th of May, 1873, intending to proceed directly to Fort Gar- land, Col., a locality which had been selected as affording a promising field for zodlogical work, more especially in ornithology. Through the unavoidable detention of my collecting material, my stay in Denver was
prolonged for more than two weeks. This interval till the 22d of May
INTRODUCTORY NOTES. 135
was spent in making daily excursions in the vicinity of the city, more especially along the banks of the Platte River, which is here tolerably well timbered, principally with cottonwoods, and on Cherry Creek. At the time of my arrival, I found the season quite backward, and the vegeta- tion was little, if any, in advance of what I left in the vicinity of Boston. But few of the trees had fairly begun to leaf out, though before my departure the cottonwoods and many others were far advanced in this respect. The observations made at this time are believed to be posessed of very considerable value, as giving the time of arrival of a large num- ber of species; while the capture of quite a number is of especial interest, as extending their range much farther to the west than was hitherto known. The fauna in the vicinity of Denver is perhaps best compared with the Carolinian of the Eastern Province; but the list presents such a number, as would naturally be expected from the early season at which the collec- tion was made, which are to be regarded merely as migrants, and which spend the summer far to the northward.
Fort Garland is situated in Southern Colorado, on the lowest bench of the Sierra Blanca Mountains, distant twenty miles east of the Rio Grande, in latitude 37° 25’ north, longitude 105° 26’ west, and. has an elevation of 7,600 feet above the level of the sea. Immediately surrounding the post is a sage brush plain, which to the northward and westward stretches away for many miles, presenting the same unvarying characteristics, but to the north and east is broken up by volcanic ridges, which are soon lost in the foot hills of the mountains. The foot hills are well clothed with pinons and cedars. From May 24 till June 3, the time was spent in making collections in the immediate vicinity of the fort, more particularly upon the creeks which flow through the plain, and are well timbered with cottonwoods, and in many places skirted by heavy brush. As might be expected, the imme- diate neighborhood of these streams affords a home for large numbers ot birds; the number of species, however, not being great, and of these by far the larger part are of the smaller insectivorous kinds. The almost total absence of the large rapacious birds was very noticeable, and during my whole stay in the region I saw but two (Buteo calurus and Bubo arcticus).
A week’s camp in the pine woods at the base of Mount Baldy, some
136 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
twelve miles to the north of the fort, at an approximate elevation of 9,500 feet, added numerous varieties to the list, many of which were not met with at all farther down, and also afforded an opportunity of observing the vertical range of many of the species. The timber consists mainly of the yellow pine, which here attains a large size, interspersed with more or less spruce. Of the deciduous trees, the aspens were the only numerous representatives ; these grew in thick groves on slopes of the mountains, and often attain a great elevation, sometimes, indeed, forming the timber limit above the pine. The small streams are thickly skirted with many deciduous bushes and shrubs, prominent among which are the willows and alders. The fauna at this point is analogous to the Canadian.
On returning to Fort Garland, I was afforded an opportunity of making a week’s trip to the summer cavalry camp established on the banks of the Rio Grande, ninety miles northeast of the fort. Here I was most kindly received by Captain Carraher and Lieutenant Pond, officers in charge, who extended to me every courtesy and aid.
The number and variety of the birds found along the Rio Grande at this point did not differ in any noteworthy respect from those in the vicinity of Fort Garland, and the collecting trips made into the mountains, which rise a few miles from the banks, gave similar results to those obtained at Mount Baldy. Returning to the post June 19, a short trip was made to a series of alkali lakes, thirty miles northwest, and some interesting facts obtained regarding the nidification of the water birds. The remaining time, till July 2, was occupied in making daily excursions from the fort.
In conclusion, I cannot refrain from mentioning the uniform courtesy I received from each and all of the officers of the post. ‘To Colonel Alexander, the commanding officer, to Captain Jewett, and to Lieutenant Hartz, whose hospitality I enjoyed during my stay at the post, Iam greatly indebted. Every possible aid in the prosecution of my work was extended.
Leaving Southern Colorado July 2, I arrived at Fort Wingate, N. Mex., the 12th. During a week’s delay, attendant on fitting out the several parties, short trips were made into the neighboring region ; Dr. Newberry and myself accompanying the party on each occasion, and making col-
lections in zodlogy. Owing to the rather desolate nature of the country,
INTRODUCTORY NOTES. 13t
these, however, were not very extensive; the birds especially being found rather scarce. Starting from Fort Wingate July 19, a southwesterly course was pursued, our destination being Camp Apache, Ariz., where we arrived August 2. During this interval, as we moved slowly, I was enabled to spend considerable time in making collections, and some very interesting results were obtained, especially in the way of birds. Irom August 2 till September 6, collections were made by Dr. Newberry and myself in the vicinity of Camp Apache and the adjoining White Mountains. This region proved very interesting ornithologically; and, indeed, the general collections made here were perhaps larger than during any other equal period through the season. rom here southward, quite a distinct change in the character of the avifauna was noticed, and a number of species were noted either in the vicinity of Camp Apache or a few miles to the northward, that probably find their northward limit here. Such are Pyranga hepatica, Peucea ruficeps vay. boucardi, Cyanocitta ultramarina var. arizone, Setophaga picta, Melanerpes Jformicivorus, ete.
The Gila River was crossed at a point some sixty miles south of Camp Apache, and a few days’ stay along the river gave valuable results in zoology. We arrived at Camp Bowie, Ariz., the southernmost point reached, October 6. From here our route led northward to the Gila River, which was followed to its sources in New Mexico, after which a general northward course was taken for Fort Wingate, which was reached Novem- ber 27, when the field work ended.
Though no new species were detected, one (Hugenes fulgens) was added to our fauna, and numerous specimens secured of rare and little known species, while the geographical range of quite a number was widely extended. During the last month, the results in zodlogy, owing to the lateness of the season, were rather meager. Thus, the region in which most of the obser- vations following were made may be stated in general terms to be the south- eastern portion of Arizona and Southwestern New Mexico.
Mr. Aiken’s route during the season of 1874 may be briefly indicated as follows: From the 23d of July till the 5th of August, the time was spent in the neighborhod of Pueblo, Colo., careful observation here, at this
vather unfavorable time, resulting in the note of no less than fifty species
138 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
of birds, all of which had without doubt nested here at an earlier period. Pursuing a southwestern course from Pueblo, over the plains, skirting the Green-Horn Mountains, Fort Garland was reached on the 14th of August, through the Sangre de Cristo Pass.
Among the birds obtained here was the Rufous-backed Humming Bird (Selasphorus rufus), not hitherto known from this region. The mountains to the eastward of Fort Garland were next entered, and here was noted a quite unexpected paucity of bird life, both in the number of species and the num- ber of individuals. The capture here of the Band-tailed Pigeon (Columba fasciata), and the ascertained fact that it is a summer resident at this point, proves a most interesting item in the history of the species, whose range is thus extended far to the eastward. Leaving Fort Garland, Mr. Aiken’s party proceeded to the southwest, through the San Luis Valley, afterward ascend- ing to the sources of the Conejos River. In the canon of this river, the Townsend’s Warbler, a bird unknown from this region, was secured. At Blaine’s Peak, at an altitude of 13,000 feet, Mr. Aiken enjoyedan opportunity of seeing and obtaining quite a number of specimens of the White-tailed Ptarmigan (Lagopus leucurus). Reaching Pagosa Springs on the 5th of September, two weeks were spent in the vicinity, including a trip into the Gallinas Mountains, New Mexico, and no fewer than eighty species of birds were ascertained to occur in this region within an area of fifty miles; this proving to be the most productive as well as the most interesting ground of the season. Leaving Pagosa on the 21st of September, a more or less direct route was followed back to Fort Garland, thence to Pueblo. The Alkali Lakes near Fort Garland, mentioned previously, were first visited, andlarge numbers of water-fowl, ducks, geese, and waders seen. Besides the collection of some three hundred and twenty-five birds made during this brief period, a large number, when is taken into consideration the unfavorable time of year and the haste which necessarily attended the movements of the party to which Mr. Aiken was attached, many of the notes which he was able to make are of great value, and several important items of distribution were elucidated.
The route pursued by the zodlogical history party composed of Dr. J. 'T. Rothrock, Mr. J. M. Rutter, and myself coincided in general with the one
followed in 1873; but, as the party was organized mainly with a view to the
INTRODUCTORY NOTES. 139
prosecution of zodlogical and botanical work, far more success attended our efforts than ever before, since it was possible to regulate our movements, to a greater or less extent, according as the nature of the region traversed afforded favorable or unfavorable opportunities for work.
At Santa Fé, the point of our departure, a vexatious detention of nearly three weeks was experienced at the outset, owing to an unavoidable delay in means of transportation. This was the more disastrous, since it occurred in June; and being the time when nearly all the birds are breeding, a most valuable opportunity was lost of learning the history of the birds at the most interesting period of the year, as well as obtaining the nests and eggs of many species of whose nidification nothing or next to nothing is known.
The time here, however, was by no means lost, though the rather deso- late barren foot-hills in the neighborhood of the town presented by no means an attractive field to the ornithologist. Once on the road, we lost no time in reaching Fort Wingate, N. M., and from there made speedy marches to Camp Apache, Ariz., where the opportunities for ornithological work may be said to have commenced in earnest. Our orders not allowing at this time a more thorough research through the White Mountains of this region, a section, it may be remarked in passing, possessed of much interest to the ornithologist, and one which would amply repay a careful examination, a few days only were spent here, perhaps the most important result being the discovery of the Cardellina rubrifrons, a Mexican bird, thus ascertained to be a resident of our territory, some point, not much if any, to the north of here constituting probably its extreme northern limit.
Keeping to the north, we crossed the Gila River at the same point as on the previous season. As I had looked forward with great interest to the study of the avifauna at this point, and had anticipated some valuable developments with respect to the distribution of species, I was much disap- pointed that circumstances made it necessary for us to proceed without delay.
A thorough study of the birds of the valley here would probably be found to show that in its general character the avifauna approximates very closely to the character of that of the Colorado Valley, and hence is much more southern in its aspect than is the region immediately to the south, and
140 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
that indeed to find features as distinctively southern in character it will be necessary, passing over the intervening region to the south, to reach nearly or quite to the extreme southern border. Simultaneously with our arrival on the Gila, and accompanying us to the southward, we noticed two species, Cassin’s Finch (Peuc@a cassini) and the Hooded Oriole (Icterus cucullatus), while the Abert’s Finch (Pipilo aberti), noted in great abundance on the Gila both at this time and later, disappeared finally as we left the valley.
Reaching Camp Grant August 1, two or three days spent in collecting along the creeks as they flow from the mountains and sink in the sand a few miles out on the plain, with several days occupied in the pineries of the neighboring Mount Graham, were well rewarded. The Cardellina rubrifrons, first noted near Camp Apache, was at the last named locality found in abund- ance ; while another, the Mexican Snowbird (Junco cinereus), supposed to be an exclusive inhabitant of Mexico, was found to be a common resident of the pine woods. In addition, the Hugenes fulgens, a humming-bird, men- tioned above as new to the fauna, was found breeding at an elevation of 9,500 feet, and the nest secured.
Camp Bowie, where the next halt was made, proved a most excellent station, and, besides the capture of quite a number of little known species, a beautiful humming-bird (Doricha enicura) was here found for the first time within our limits. From here our route led to the southwest, and in the neighborhood of old Camp Crittenden some two weeks were profitably spent, and no less than three additions to the number of our birds were here made: Myiodynastes luteiventris, Circe latirostris (the Ciree Humming-bird), and Picus stricklandi (Strickland’s Woodpecker) ; the last named of which, a rare species even in Mexico, heretofore its only known habitat, was found to be common, while of the two former, several specimens of each were procured.
Our next objective point was Camp Lowell, where the few days, during the first of September, we were able to spend gave valuable results in the acquisition of two species hitherto almost unknown, Harporhynchus bendirei and Peucea carpalis. Turning northward from here, a second visit was made to Mount Graham, September 18, with results fully equal to those of the preceding reconnaissance. Three specimens of the Olive-headed Warb-
ler (Peucedramus olivacea), a species supposed to belong only to Mexico,
INTRODUCTORY NOTES. 141
were secuied, and the Mexican Crossbill (Curvirostra mevicana) ascertained to be a common resident of these mountains.
From here our progress northward was by nearly the same route used in coming; the lateness of the season preventing any very extensive collections being made, the field work practically ending at Camp Apache about the middle of October, a week’s trip into the mountains at this date showing an almost total absence of birds. The Dusky Grouse (Zetrao obscurus) was ascertained to occur high up in the mountains, a fact of much interest, as it has been stated that none of this family even entered the Territory. The collection of birds made by the party during the season amounted to rather more than one thousand specimens, while in other departments of zoology the results were equally large. Eight species, new to our fauna, were obtained, while a ninth (Urubitinga anthracina) was observed.
In the report, I have endeavored to bring together all the material gathered by the efforts of the different members of the survey, and to make it a complete exponent of what has been added, as the results of the survey, to our ornithological knowledge. No birds have been introduced that have not actually been taken or observed by the expedition. In all cases where I have utilized the notes of observers other than members of the survey, attention is called to the fact. It is, of course, greatly to be regretted that in so many instances the notes are meager, presenting, instead of a com- plete biography, only a detached, and, in too many cases, a very unsatis- factory, portion of the history. It will be remembered, however, that the circumstances under which most of the collections have been made have been in the last degree unfavorable to obtaining a minute detailed knowledge of the species which have fallen under observation. The char- acter of a topographical survey necessitates frequent changes from one place to another, and the naturalist must seize his opportunities ‘as they occur, while he is frequently compelled, by the exigencies of the general work, to forego many excellent chances, and to pass rapidly over sections which would well repay most careful scrutiny, or, in some instances, to forego all work on account of the needed time, which, when it comes, may find him in a region but little calculated to invite attention. Added to these consid- erations is the fact that the time of year at which the parties have been able
142 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
to take the field has generally been too late for any investigations into the nesting habits of the birds, and for this reason the notes relative to their peculiarities at this period are nearly wanting.
The classification and nomenclature followed for the Land Birds is that adopted by Baird, Brewer, and Ridgway, in their recent work on “North American Birds”; for the Water Birds, that given by Dr. Coues in his “ Check List” is used.
As being less cumbersome, the technical names have been followed only bythe original describer’s name, this being inclosed in parentheses when not also the authority for the nomenclature. In many cases, each species is followed by a complete list of the birds collected, the date and exact locality of their capture, with the collector’s name, this being a ready method of indicating with precision the locality from which they were derived ; while a large number of measurements have also been taken, where the rarity of the species has seemed to make this a matter of importance, and also when the specimens have been collected at widely separated points, to show the amount of variation produced by climatic and other causes, as also the amount of individual variation. In many cases, however, it has not been thought advisable to present a full enumeration; the context sufticiently showing the results of the investigations, of which the specimens are merely the indices. Probably not more than one-half of the three thousand birds —for the number of the four years’ work reaches quite to this figure—are thus mentioned.
In the preparation of the synonymatie lists, endeavor has been made to bring together only such references as have a bearing more or less directly upon the region embraced by our investigations, and, within this scope, to make them as nearly complete as possible; the value of such references in their bearing upon the facts of geographical distribution being well known. In this part of the work, the labor has been much lightened by the admirably full tables given by Dr. Coues in his recent work on the “ Birds of the Northwest.” To this gentleman, and also to Mr. Robert Ridgway, of the Smithsonian Institution, and to Dr. H. C. Yarrow, I am under obligations
for much kindly advice and assistance.
PASSERES—TURDIDAE—TURDUS MIGRATORIUS. 143
ORDER PASSERES: PERCHERS.
Fam. TURDIDAE: THRUSHES. TURDUS MIGRATORIUS, L. Robin.
Turdus migratorius, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 292—WoopH., Sitgr. Exp. Zuni & Col. R., 1854, 72.—Bp., Ives’ Colorado, 1857-58, pt. iv, 5.—NEWB., P. R.R. Rep., vi, 1857, 81.—Bp., B. N. A., 1858, 218.— HEERM., P. R. RB. Rep., x, pt. iv, 1859, 45.—Xanrus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, 1859, 190.—Coop. & Suok., P. R. R. Rep., xii, 1860, pt. ii, 172.—Hayp., Trans. Am. Phil. Soe., xii, 1862, 159.—Bp., Rev. A. B., 1864, 28.—Cs., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 82.—Coop., B. Cal., i, 1870, 7—SNnow, Birds Kansas, 1872, 6.— ALLEN, B. M. C. Z., 1872, 173.—Cs., Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 71, fig. 13.—YAr- row & HensuAw, Rep. Orn. Sp., 1872, Wheeler’s Exp., 1874, 5.—HEN- sHaw, A. L. N. H.N. Y., xi, 1874, 2.—Id. A. L. B. U., 1872, Wheeler’s Exp., 1874, 2.— HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Sp., 1873, Wheelei’s Exp., 1874, 56, 70, 96.—B. B. & R., N. A. B., i, 1874, 25, pl. ii, fig. 3—ALLEN, Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1874, 15, 18.
Turdus (Planesticus) migratorius, Cs., Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 64.—MEn- RIAM, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872, 670.
Planesticus migratorius, HENRY, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 106,
The Robin, so well known in the East and so great a favorite with all, was met with at various points throughout Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. In Utah, it was usually found in the neighborhood of settle- ments, building close to the houses, and exhibiting the same traits of socia- bility and confidence as elsewhere. At Provo, it was very common, where a few years since it was unknown; the advent of this, as of several other well known birds, following the occupation of the soil and its subsequent tillage by the settlers. At Denver, where it began to nest about May 10, and near Fort Garland, in Southern Colorado, it was a moderately common species; the nests being frequently seen in the cottonwoods along the streams. Here the birds had availed themselves of the presence of sheep in the neighbor- hood, and several nests were examined, which were composed almost wholly of wool. In Arizona and New Mexico, the species was less common,
but in the fall was occasionally met with in the timber lining the streams
144 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
and in the piny woods of the mountains. At the Old Crater, forty miles south of Zuni, N. Mex., the species was present in large flocks the 2d of November. The surrounding hills are covered with low scrubby cedars, and upon the berries this and other species largely subsist at this late season. It winters in many of the canons of Southern Utah, where food may be had in plenty, as also in the lower portions of Arizona.
wo, Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing. Tail. | 3ill. | Tarsus. |
27 |Q ad. | Fort Wingate, N. Mex ....| July 12, 1873 | Dr. C. G. Newberry.| 5. 23 | 4.10] 0.73 | 1.15 | 64 | ad.| South Park, Colo ......... June 27, 1873 | Dr. J. T. Rothrock. .| 5.32 | 4.28 | 0.83] 1.24 2 3 jun. | Pueblo,)'Golo”.-22<2 - <-.a92+ July 23, 1874 | CoB Aiken = 2-2/2. | 5-14 | 4.17 | 0. 72 1.27
TURDUS PALLASI, Cab., var. AUDUBONI, Bd.
Audubon’s Thrush.
Turdus auduboni, Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, 1864, 16.—Ripew., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1869, 129.—S1EVENSON, U.S. Geog. Surv. Terr., 1870, 463.
Turdus pallasi var. auduboni, Cs., Key N. A. B., 1872, 72.—HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Sp., 1873, Wheeler’s Exp., 1874, 71.—Id., A. L. N. H. N. Y., xi, 1874.—Id., A. L. B. U., 1872, Wheeler’s Exp., 1874, 39.—Cs., U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., B. N. W., 1874, 3.
Turdus pallasi, ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, iii, 1872, 173 (mountains of Colorado from 8,000 feet to timber-line ; Ogden, Utah).
The Audubon’s Thrush appears to be a common summer inhabitant of the high Rocky Mountains from Utah to the southward; its chosen retreats being the deep recesses of the pine woods, but ranging thence upward in the more open groves of aspens to the tops of the highest peaks wherever the limit of trees and shrubbery extends so far. At this season, it appears not to be found lower than 8,000 feet. A temporary camp, near Mount Baldy, in Southern Colorado, was made at this elevation ; and my occasional tramps up the mountain sides in the early morning were often rewarded by choruses, in which these birds were the chief performers, that elsewhere | have never heard equaled. So numerous were they that, after remaining quiet for a few moments, till the alarm caused by the noise of my approach through the tangled masses of uprooted trees had subsided, I have been able to count distinctly eight of these birds. The effect of this burst of melody
PASSERES—TURDIDAE—TURDUS PALLASI VAR. AUDUBONI. 145
in the pure, rarefied atmosphere of these lofty regions, where the solitude is unbroken save by the voices of the birds, may be better imagined than described. Though perhaps lacking somewhat of the power possessed by the song of the Wood Thrush of our eastern woods, yet, in sweetness and modulation of tone, it is certainly worthy of comparison with that renowned songster.
In the same locality mentioned above, I found a single nest, the only one I have ever seen. It was quite bulky, composed almost wholly of strips of bark and coarse grasses, completely covered on the outer surface with mosses. This was placed in the open cavity of a broken pine-stub, about three feet from the ground. It contained a single light-blue egg. The female was on the nest at the time of its discovery, and when disturbed glided off among the bushes, uttering a few complaining notes.
A second nest, found by Mr. Merriam in Montana, differs little in construc- tion from the one above, and, like it, was placed in a pine-tree, “ about eight feet from the ground ;” the two examples thus differing from the position selected by the Hermit Thrush of the East, which is always, so far as known, upon the ground. In 1874, this species was found to be quite common in the mountains of Arizona as far south as Mount Graham, where the young, scarcely fledged, were noticed with the old birds still attending them during the first few days of August. Returning to this point, the middle of Sep- tember, the species was found, apparently still in pairs, but, during the last few days of the month, the woods were fairly filled with these thrushes, which had evidently migrated from farther north, and were still pursuing their southward course. The timid disposition and retiring habits of this thrush were always remarked.
As will be seen below, in the table of measurements, there is a very considerable discrepancy in size between the birds first taken at Mount Graham, and which are natives of this southern region, and those coming later, which had evidently been reared much farther to the north.
10 z
146 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.) Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. | 205 |g ad.| Near Fort Garland, Colo.| May 30, 1873 | H. W. Henshaw....| 3.85 | 3.00 |..---. 1, 20 287 || ad. |..<..- 71 ee ap ge ke June. 7;'873)|------ dO) a=. <noa=| 3.0501 25050) 0750) 1) 9.09 PSS NW ads ees dO) ota s<tesec wows so se efile) pose se) sce-se AG one 3-75 | 3-04 | 0.54] 1.12 261 fe) Mount Graham, Ariz ...| July 3, 1874)...... do encnee oe 3. 86"| 3.02 || On57 | 1.15 255. Wl Quade|<-.2% dO soot sace ccs 5 Aug. 1) 1874'})..c2- Gitar oe 3-90 | 2.00] 0.53] I. 11 262 [ona] ee AG emcee Jew cone Aug; 3528 7aifesesne doa 3.88 | 3.05 | 0.57] 1.15 eh (igs Bat Seo tect Pee i ley Sees | eh C5 See 2.96 | 3.12] 0.51 | 1.12 2 grad, ||| Pagosa, Colo .- 22-2 ---4- Sept. 19, 1874 | GAR: Adkenyesa os 3.85 | 3.00 | 0.54] 1.22 77 $ ad. | Mount Graham, Ariz ....| Sept. 21, 1874 | H. W. Henshaw....) 3.95 | 3.13 }. 48 | 1.12 7h i, el ees ( (ee eee sere CO eecetee | Sates do 22 - site. 3.67)| 2597) 1)0;54 | ar..13 Sy | eae el |e eee GtyeEeeecre > cconsc Sept. 22, 1874 |...... dObsccase tan! [PAee nace Orghal eles “2h | |BSoRe S| Reece (a ceacacs 6 22ecc ooo’ Sssees|hs-s=- dO) secs, <j 5/04o25) [9535 (02505) Ta 20 834 cel Bee dO 2. snc eeneeeeeas Seen SU ae) eine do=cns. sone 4.08 | 3.17] 0.58 | 1.15 Bod is tade/|sc-5.< do \J.c3 sos eens I Sept. 25, LSA ese dO\sJ 2. ceee 4.00 | 3.16 | 0.53 | 1.17 814 ee eo dO snScar. cose seaac|scoes 0 tseesee | oes DO eecicee.cimay 4.22 | 3:45, |(0.57)||) X- 12 SIG» || -2-2aa|aoceas (Wee asscnasss ce secSatlssaurc Dr. J. T. Rothrock..| 3.75 | 3.00 | 0.53 | 1.10 826 eel (so a ee Sept. 24, 1874 | H. W. Henshaw....| 4.00 | 3.15 | 0.57] 1.15 826 [hs Baas O/ canna eee pee OO amet eer dO <pacos cence S690 |) S05 Ons7iil) 50g 627) lie ase es | aan, aan AAS See Seo sa coas|Ihscsce dO ezanssyecces 4.08 | 3.30 | 0.55 | 1.17 828 eee fo a slot panes Sa ee A koe dO) oc 2 o|se ane dOeceeereea =|) 4s105 | 0s, 23 1nOnn 5a mane S3na)||) gee [essen Ole ase caent eee eas (Weep | LAO dole eee steer Zi93) || S007 [10:55 le kO 831 Ke 4 ese do) ease eee Sofen (00! Aenea oareae (GlVseSss5 ence 4-15 | 3-30 | 0.58 | 1.15 874 Ore somes dOin ce cose eee ealeaees dO covasals acces dO ks amccalsc coe |/ Se 7 use OSn LOS yale kalo 877 nie | Bees do: 3 So Becae eee eee ol eee sal Baer el yRESee He Seater elec po let each pe tad 873 BT ee do: 2. . sees Sept. 25, 1874 |...... Oss ss Serle 22 |Qa07 | 32 LON O.5 7a) PxRO5 87 OQ) ieese do 4s ces Ot mete |e do geass). ees do 5. 2220.4422 3.:98+|| 3.12) |10.58 |" Irs O27 | aeoe| pamoe ol (eer cae con ne ——, 1874] Dr. J. T. Rothrock..| 4.07 | 3.18 | 0.52 | 1.10
TURDUS PALLASI, Cab., var. NANUS, Aud.
Dwarf Hermit Thrush.
Turdus nanus, AUD., Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 201, pl. cci—Bp., B. N. A., 1858, 213.—Id., Mex. B. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, birds, 9 (Frontera, Texas).—XAN- TUS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 190 (Fort Tejon, Cal.)—Hrerm., P. k. R. Rep., x, pt. iv, 1859, 45.—HENRy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 106 (New Mexico).—Bp., Rev. A. B., 1864, 15.—Ripew., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 129.—Coop., B. Cal., i, 1870, 4.
Turdus (Hylocichla) nanus, Cs., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 65 (Fort Whipple).
Turdus pallasi var. nanus, Cs., Key, 1872, 72.—HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Sp., 1873, Wheeler’s Exp., 1874, 96.—Bp., B. & R.,N. A. B., i, 1874, 20, pl. i, fig. 7.
This dwarf variety of the Hermit Thrush was met with October 19, 1873, along the small streams inthe mountain-canons, near Camp Bowie, Southeastern Arizona, and along the Gila River to its sources in New Mexico, where I
PASSERES—TURDIDAE—TURDUS SWAINSONI. 147
found it as late as November 8. It would seem to be far from common so far east ; California and the Sierra Nevadas appearing to include its general range. None were found in 1874 in Arizona, though looked for in much the same localities as the previous year. Its habits seem to differ in no noteworthy respect from the allied forms. It appears fond of solitude, and prefers the thickest and shadiest thickets, where it is constantly busied in searching among the leaves for seeds and insects. Its small size is apparent at first sight, and serves, even when alive, to distinguish it from either var. auduboni or pallasi.
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Fresh. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. 1874. 942 g¢ | Near Camp Bowie, | Oct. 19 | H. W. Henshaw|....-.]......-- 3-45 | 2.81 | 0.45 1.08 Ariz. 943 O Mead San dons ns. 22= neva C Otel eee ae do sea sees 6.25 | 10.00 | 3.37 | 2.74 | 0.45 1.12 944 Lo Ta eae or Aree soe ilYees|ecaae dOsneciace 6, 12 9. 74 | 3.25 | 2.55 | 0.49 1, 04 945 OM beens dOesannecca et Ole cu|sactee dona epee 6.25 | 10.18 | 3.49 | 2.74 | 0.42 I, 10 982 be tal eeetee doz.-t/ceo INO M Gn Lys eeees donfaec= 6.55 | 10.87 | 3.61 | 2.74 | 0.49 1.14
TURDUS SWAINSONI, Cab.
Olive-Backed Thrush.
Turdus swainsoni, CAB., Tschudi’s Fauna Peruana, 1844-46, 188.—Bp., B. N. A., 1858, 216.—Id., Rev. A. B., i, 1864, 19.—Rip@w., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 128.—Coop., B. Cal., i, 1871, 6— ALLEN, Bul. Mus. Comp. Zoil., iii, 1872, 173 (Eastern Kansas).—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1872, 6.—Cs., Key N. A. B., 1872, 72,— HENSHAW, Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y., xi, 1874.—Id., Rep. Orn. Sp., 1873, Wheeler’s Exp., 1874, 56.—Cs., U. S. Geog. Surv. Terr., B. N. W., 1874, 4.
Observed by Mr. Ridgway in the Wahsatch Mountains, where it was common, being one of the most characteristic summer birds of that region, and inhabiting the shrubbery along the streams of the canons, but not extending upward to the pine region. In the vicinity of Denver, the species makes its appearance about the 10th of May, and by the 17th the thickets and partially open ground in swampy localities were fairly swarming with these birds. They were perfectly silent, and busied themselves after the usual manner of the family in scratching and seeking among the leaves for food. The males preceded the arrival of the females by at least a full week.
148 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
So far as I am aware, they occur in Colorado only as migrants, none remaining through the summer.
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus.
49 | dad. | Denver, Colo....... May 12, 1873| H. W. Henshaw....--| 3.93 | 2.95 | 0.51 I, 09 YOQi| aad. |e ree: Goes. 2b se: May 17, ——]...--. CO eee cena nt s21 6 GO) Que || Orgs 1, 04 DLO ate |e dome saa22 see doe6s..| es (pape aps See 3-98 | 3.07 | 0.49] 1.09 PEI sada. ||----~- do 300mm eneten | aerate do =e 4.04 | 3.05 | 0.52 1,02 ty2| find: |..;--- do. s<i2sse Shes do) = 24/7 Se ot. ss 2ee. ee 4.00 | 2.93 | 0.48 1,09 rigs || ap GR eae (leer es cae e||o=<- - Gb ceeee-|lao nae: do 4.10 | 3.11 | 0.50 1.03 114] ¢ ad. do (ale ra Pe do 3. 30 | 2.93 | 0.50 1,00 Picea age, |ea--=. do © Ose eye Seese do 4.02 | 2.98 | 0. 48 1.08 BESUP aad. | .2uck - doe 22 ssso stele see do. 22S8)|8t-<52 do 3.98 | 2.93 | 0.50 1.12
TURDUS FUSCESCENS, Steph.
Tawny Thrush.
Turdes fuscescens, StEPUENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zodl., Birds, xi, 1817, 182.—Bp., B. N. A., 1858, 214.—Id., Rey. A. B., i, 1864, 17.--Ripe@w., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, 127.—Cs., Key, 1872, 73.—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., iii, 1872, 173 (mountains of Colorado up to about 8,500 feet)—SNow, Birds Kansas, 1872, 6.—Bp., B. & RN. A. B., i, 1874, 9, pl. i, f. 5 HENSHAW, Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y., xi, 1874.—Id., An. List B. U., 1872, Wheeler’s Exp., 1874, 39.—Id., Rep. Orn. Sp., 1873, Wheeler’s Exp., 1874, 56, 71.—Cs., U. 8. Geog. Surv. Terr., B. N. W., 1874, 5.—ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., June, 1874, 15, 18.
Though an abundant summer resident in both Utah and Colorado, the Wilson’s Thrush was not met with by any of our parties to the southward in New Mexico and Arizona, nor does it appear to have been detected farther south by others. On the streams, in the neighborhood of Fort Garland, Southern Colorado, and below an altitude of about 8,000 feet, the species was quite a common one, and the wierd music of its beautiful song was heard, often in early morning and again toward twilight, issuing from the deep swampy thickets, which are its chosen home. Two nests were found, both built on the ground. As is well known, many, and, indeed, it may be said, most, species of birds manifest much attachment to a neighborhood which has once been selected as a home, and where, undisturbed, they con- tinue to repair to the same vicinity, frequently to the same tree. Often, indeed, though molested in their domestic happiness time after time, they
PASSERES—TURDIDAE—OREOSCOPTES MONTANUS. 149
still cling to the place which the memory of past joys has endeared to them. This attachment to locality is well illustrated by a nest of this species found here, which had been modeled in and above the one of the previous season. Doubtless, the same pair, returning and finding the old home too dilapidated for repairs, had thus’ obviated the necessity for a removal to a perhaps in their eyes less favored spot. Eggs blue, slightly darker than those of the Audubon’s Thrush.
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing,| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus.
108 |g ad. | Denver, Colo.-....... May 17, 1873| H. W. Henshaw...... 4.18 | 3.28 | 0.55] 1.12
142 |g ad. | Fort Garland, Colo....! May 26, 1873 |..-..- dow ae erie eriose 405 |p sn25r (RO: 00n| eanaO 7,
D7 On| vad) leases OPE sssacieectec May 28, 1873)}.----- dOsssecscesees 4.19 | 3.29 | 0.60] 1.16
7G) Pvade|-sese do} fee ste 52 JRIMER IO; 91573) | ae dol usecase seas SOA Se Ute| On 75 | TO,
Sy PAllcu eel eeeoee (oy aeee sects aa) eesae dope aaehailsesioas Oetker 4ZOF) |e seetz) |) ONS 7 Hela L
OREOSCOPTES MONTANUS, Towns.
Sage Thrasher.
Orpheus montanus, TOWNSEND, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, ii, 1837, 192.
Mimus montanus, WoonH., Sitgr. Exp. Zuni & Col. Riv., 1854, 73.—HEERM., P. R. R. Rep., x, pt. iv, 1859, 44.
Oreoscoptes montanus, BD., Ives’ Colorado, 1857-58, pt. iv, 6.—Id., B. N. A., 1858, 347.—KENNERLY, P. R. R. Rep., Whipp. Route, 1859, 25.—Bp., Mex. B. Surv, ii, pt. ii, 1859, birds, 12.—HEnry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei., Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico).—Havyp., Trans. Phil. Soc., vol. 12, 1862, 163.—Bp., Rev. A. B., i, 1864, 43.—Cs., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 65 (Arizona generally).—Svury., U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1870, 464 (Wyoming).—Coop., Pr. Cal. Acad., 1870, 75 (Colorado River).—Id., B. Cal., i, 1870, 13.—Ho.p., Pr. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1872, 194 (Black Hills)—ALLEN, B. M. ©. Z., iii, 1872, 174 (west edge of the plains, Colo.; Ogden, Utah).—Cs., Key, 1872, 74.—MERRIAM, U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872, 670.—ALLEN, Prov. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., June, 1874, 19.—Bp., B. & R..N. A. B., i, 1874, 32, pl. iii, f. 6.—YARROW, Rep. Orn. Sp., Wheeler's Exp., 1874, 34.—YARRow & HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Sp., 1872, Wheeler’s Exp., 1874, 6—HENsuAw, Rep. Orn. Sp., 1873, Wheeler’s Exp., 1874, 71, 97.—Id., An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. AY’: xi, 1874.—Id., An. List B. U., 1872, Wheeler’s Exp., 1874, 46.—Cs., U. S. Geog. Surv. Terr., B. N. W., 1874, 7.
Through nearly every portion of the country traversed by the survey each season, this thrush has been found common. As an expression of the peculiar localities favored by this bird, and its powers of song, the name of
150 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
Mountain Mocker is by no means an appropriate one; for, so far as I am aware, and, in this respect, the observations of Mr. Ridgway and others correspond with my own, it never imitates the notes of others, but relies upon its own musical ability, which is, indeed, of a quite high order. During the vernal season, it is rarely seen in the broken mountainous districts, where, however, when the family duties are completed, small parties of from three to eight may often be met with, but shows a decided preference at this time for the sage-brush plains, where, from the top of some low bush, its beautiful, low, warbling song comes, often the only sound which breaks the quiet of the desolate plain, and sounds perhaps the sweeter in contrast to the otherwise painfully monotonous solitude.
Its nest, a bulky and inartistic structure of coarse twigs, lined with grasses and fine rootlets, is sometimes placed in a sage shrub; but more often the bird selects one of the higher bushes, which, armed with sharp, stiff thorns, serves as an admirably secure platform for the clumsy nest, and affords additional security from its winged and four-footed enemies. A nest, which I examined near Fort Garland, was thus placed, and some eight inches above it was a device, which, though it may have been the result of mere accident, certainly seemed to me to bear in the method of its construction the evidences of design, and, if the supposition be true, would argue for the designers no small degree of intelligence. This was a platform of twigs, so placed as to screen the setting bird from the rays of an almost tropical sun. The material of which it was composed was precisely similiar to that used in the construction of the nest, and it had been made at about the same time.
The eggs are of a greenish-blue color, marked heavily with spots of dark brown and lilac. I have found the young just from the nest as early as June 20, and a nest found near Fort Wingate, N. Mex., July 14, by Dr. C. G. Newberry, contained eggs, just ready to hatch. They probably rear two broods in a season. In the fall, they become shy and suspicious, and, though often seen as in Utah, in the neighborhood of settlements, evince little of that familiarity so conspicuous in others of this family.
PASSERES—TURDIDAE—MIMUS POLYGLOTTUS. 151
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. Speuse hoeace WWevadaee see e naa UNen2On TS 7p Me BISCh OMe cece alteene,| = cieiie [nwo mie =|||cm == =|llea meen) = 157 |fjun.| Fairfield, Utah .......| Aug. 1, 1872] Dr. H. C. Yarrow. .-.-|.----.|.-----|.-----|------ 2 114 |Qjun.| Fountain Green, Utah-} Aug, 20, 1872} H. W. Henshaw..--...|.-----]------|------|------ E Gy IGP NE gee Sac Ula Saree Hee meese leoaee doiesssesieress QO) sees choca se4 easselleoctad pAiodéa) leanines : 143 |¢ ad.| Salina, Utah ..---..-- Depts 1S 72ilneese- Gl) 25 Ga eceoteos) |cebbec |coaean laebcas lssccos 156 |Q ad.| Fairfield, Utah .......| Aug. 1, 1872| Dr. H. C. Yarrow. ....|----- |------|------]------ = 171 |g ad. | Panquitch, Utah.. ....| Sept. 17, 1872| H. W. Henshaw....--|.-----|------|------|------ - 313 |é ad. | Toquerville, Utah.....| Oct. 16, 1872 | H. W. Henshaw and |..---.|------|.-----|------ : Dr. H. C. Yarrow. LNCS Neenne (CAICOHONG) femam a= eter | stoma eateteiee =n eetaiare GD) See een ee pesos |o55a60|boecoo||so500|nanard 2 4o1 |g ad. | Alkali Lakes, Colo.....| June 22, 1873 | H. W. Henshaw....-- 3.98 | 3.83 | 0.77) 1.17 513 ,@ ad.| Cave Spring, Ariz.....| Aug. 1, 1873 | H. W. Henshaw.....- 3. 86 | 3.80 | 0.68 | 1.17 712 |g ad.| Camp Apache, Ariz....| Sept. 7, 1873 |..---- oases snes 3.92 | 4.02 | 0.65 | 1.15 780 |Qjun.| Gila River, Arizona....| Sept. 15, 1873 | J. L. McGee.......... 3.92 | 3.90 | 0.66 | 1.17 601 |Qjun. | Camp Goodwin, Ariz..| Sept. 19, 1873 | H. W. Henshaw....-.- 3.90 | 3.66 | 0.62 | 1.13 126 | Jun. | Camp Bowie, Ariz ....| Oct. 10, 1873 | Dr. C. G. Newberry -.| 3.77 | 3.89 | 0.65 | 1.17 14 | Qjun.|....-. Gls Cheoeeinsccce Octe W718 738i aaa =- lors cosemciggbooe B75) ||) 305 | On75. | oko 614 |Q ad.| Camp Lowell, Ariz....| Sept. 15, 1874 | H. W. Henshaw.... -. 3. 82 | 3.68 | 0.65 | 1.16 225! @Q | Navajo Creek, N. Mex.| Sept. 11, 1874 C. E. Aiken .......... 3.83 | 3.72°| 0.70] 1.14 102 | fjun. | Colorado.....-......- Aug. 6; 1874) 2o.-<s dOjsenes tess eo- 3.88 | 3.78 | 0.66) 1.14
MIMUS POLYGLOTTUS (L.). Mocking-bird.
Turdus polyglottus, LINN., Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, 169; 12th ed., 1766, 293.
Mimus polyglottus, WoonH., Sitgreave’s Exp. Zuni & Col. Riv., 1854, 72.
Merinus |sic] polyglottus, BD., Ives’ Col. Exped., 1857-58, pt. iv, 5.—Id., Birds N. A., 1858, 344.—HEERM., P. R. R. Rep., x, pt. iv, 1859, 44.—Bp., U. 8S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, birds, 12—KENNERLY, P. R. R. Rep., Whipp. Route, 1859, 25.—Bp., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 303 (Cape St. Lucas).— CouEs, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 63.—CooPER, Birds Cal., 1, 1870, 21.—Snow, Birds Kan., 1872, 8.—CouEs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 74, f. 16.— ALLEN, Bul. Mus. Comp. Zodl., iii, 1872, 174 (Eastern and Middle Kansas).— HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 97.—CovuEs, U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1874, 8.—Bp., BREW.. & Rina., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 49.
The Mocking-bird was not observed in the vicinity of Santa Fé; its absence here being doubtless due rather to the nature of the locality being unfavorable to its habits than to any other cause. A few miles to the south, the species began to appear on the heavily brushed streams, and the varied and melodious notes of its many tongued songs frequently enlivened our day’s weary march. As we passed southward, their numbers continually increased, until, in the neighborhood of Camp Bowie, in early August, it was
152 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
one of the most numerously represented species. Their food at this season is quite varied, and their habits differ to a corresponding degree. During the summer, insects, worms, ete., constitute the bill of fare, and as a con- sequence they spend much of the time on the ground, or in the low bushes, though they are byno means inexpert in catching insects on the wing. During the fall months, however, they seem to prefer the small fruits and soft berries to all other food; and near Camp Bowie the bushes were crowded with these birds, and one or two other species, and, by their combined numbers, the fruit was stripped off as fast as it ripened, the greedy gluttons feasting till they became fairly gorged with the fruit, and their feathers stained with the juices. Later still, but not till this rich harvest is all exhausted, they retire to the cedars, and subsist largely upon the berries. In nesting, they often select one of the many species of cactus found through this region, particu- larly the Choia cactus; and the structure, composed of thorny twigs and briers, and placed in one of these plants, is encircled on all sides by spear- like points, impervious to all creatures unless provided with wings. To get at their contents myself I have often been compelled to hew a path through with my hunting-knife. By July 20 all the nests examined contained young.
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing. 15 |Q ad. | Pueblo, Colo.-..-.....| July 24; 1874) C. E., Aiken ...5-...-- 4.08 361 |g ad. | Camp Bowie, Ariz ....| Aug. 11, 1874] J. M. Rutter .-....... 4. 30 365 | ad. |...... (lo Lesspacecetrs|pasee doles 22. ear 0 eee ee renee 4.10 24A"| Qi jute} sees i eg a ter gee | Aug. 10, 1874].....- OOo cso veccee 4. 32 332 1h jun.! eee bye 5 See on cee Aug. 9, 1874] Dr. J. T. Rothrock....} 3.47 | 387 |Q jun.|..--.. d6 S25 eee Adgeri2; 18 zaile: =e Ge eee | rh 7
GALEOSCOPTES CAROLINENSIS (L.). Catbird.
Muscicapa carolinensis, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 328.
Mimus carolinensis, Bp., Birds N. A., 1858, 346.—COoPER, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 73 (com- mon across Rocky Mountains to Coeur d’Aléne Mission).—Snow, Birds Kan., 1872, 9.—ALLEN, Bul. Mus. Comp, Zool, ili, 1872, 174 (Eastern and Middle Kansas; Colorado ; Ogden, Utah).—Cours, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 74.— ALLEN, Proce. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., June, 1874, 15, 17, 19.—Covuzks, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1574, 8.
PASSERES—TURDIDAE—GALEOSCOPTES CAROLINENSIS. 153
Mimus caudatus (canadatus error), BD., B. N. A., 1858, 345.—Xanvus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, Cal.)—CoopeEr, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1870, 75.—YARRow, Rep. Orn. Spec., 1871, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 34.— Yarrow & HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 6.
Galeoscoptes carolinensis, BD., Rey. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 54.—Srry., U. S. Geol. Sury. Terr., 1870, 464.—MERRIAM, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872, 670.—HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Speces., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 56-71.—Id., An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874.—Jd., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 40.
The well-known Catbird in its extensive range inhabits nearly all portions of the West, andin many parts of Utah its familiar notes may be heard coming from the shrubbery on the outskirts of the towns or even from the gardens; for its seems to court the presence of man here with the same dssiduity as in the East. Indeed, its range seems more or less dependent upon the advance of civilization ; for in Colorado I never noticed it save in the immediate neighborhood of some settlement, and in New Mexico and Arizona it appears not to occur at all, or, if so, it must be very rarely, for none of our parties have ever detected it, nor do I find it men- tioned elsewhere from this region. At Fort Garland, Southern Colorado, a few pairs were found established in the thickets of the streams, and several nests, built in low bushes and containing freshly laid eggs, were taken about the middle of June. Their habits and notes seem but the counter- part of those at the East, and are too well known to need description here.
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. TZOMNO mda PAUIZON Meiers ara erase PN OVE 3 Os O70 BISCHOM na aller imi: aime) laa sce l|| oie en eial| oomere all Se soso 49 |g¢jun. | Provo, Utah.......... uly 25501S724| plas Wer ttenshaw, and) e-neose| esos. ese see ea selena
Dr. H. C. Yarrow.
TATa| Quads |lseeeec Ome eeea steerer Auge 1,10072\|-22—- COs cate ec cewie| se sece| teens leaccecllseccisces 88g ad.|| Denver, Colo: .25--. -- May 14, 1873 | H. W. Henshaw...... 3.75 | 4.20 | 0.63 1.03 | 126 |Qjun. | Fort Garland, Colo....] Aug. 6, 1874] C. E. Aiken .......--. 3.58 | 3.98 | 0.56 1.08
154 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
HARPORHYNCHUS RUFUS, (L.)
Brown Thrasher.
Turdus rufus, LINN, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1758, 169 (based on CATESBY, Tab., 19).
Harporhynchus rufus, Bp., Birds N. A., 1858, 353.—HAyp., Trans. Phil. Soc., 12, 1862, 163.—Coorprr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 296 (Upper Missouri, breeding).—ALLEN, Bul. Mus. Comp. Zo@l., iii, 1872, 174 (Eastern Kansas; west edge of the plains, Colo., in mountains up to 7,500 feet)—Snow., Birds Kan., 1872, 9.— Cougs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 75.—HENsHAW, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 57.—Bp., BrEw., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 37, pl. iii, f. 1—ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Journ., 1874, 15, 17, 19.— Cougs, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1874, 9.
Harporhynchus rufus var, longicauda, BD., Birds N. A., 1858, 353 (in text)—S7Ev., U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872, 464.
In its western range, this species appears to be restricted by the Rocky Mountains, to the west of which it is not known to occur. In the vicinity of Denver, it appears to be not very uncommon, as it was noted here by both Dr. Rothrock and myself. It was also observed by Mr. Allen near Colorado City. I have never seen it in Arizona or New Mexico, and do not think it occurs. So faras I noticed them, their habits here are entirely cor- respondent with those at the East.
l l No. | Sex. Locality. | Date. | Collector. Wing.| Tail | Bill. | Tarsus. | | i . or TC ice eee cee DenvermiGoloscs=s-e)|-sasas snc s-ce Dr. J. T. Rothrock ....| 4.04 | 5.07 | 0.85 I. 31 | 60 | aed. leeestes d0nes eo eee | May 12, 1873] H. W. Henshaw...... 4. 42 | 5-71 | 1.02 1, 30
HWARPORHYNCHUS CINEREUS, Xantus, var. BENDIREI, Cs. Bendire’s Thrush.
Harporhynchus bendirei, Cours, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 330, f. 69.—Bp., BREW. & RwpG., N. A. Birds, 1874, ili, app. p. 500.
This thrush was first described by Dr. Coues in June, 1873, from specimens collected near Camp Lowell, Southern Arizona, by Capt. Charles Bendire. During a few days’ reconnaissance the past season in the same locality, I procured three individuals of this species, which exhibit, when
compared with the type specimens in the Smithsonian Institution, certain e ?
PASSERES—TURDIDAE—HARPORHYNCHUS RUFUS. 155
decided differences, which seem to indicate that the true relationship of this form is with the H. cinereus of Cape Saint Lucas, as was strongly hinted by Dr. Coues in his description referred to above; and, furthermore, that it is separable from the Cape Saint Lucas Thrush only as a variety. It may be remarked that the two specimens in the Smithsonian are in the worn summer dress, and have all the faded appearance peculiar to that plumage, while the specimens taken by myself are in the freshly assumed fall dress. They thus have a prevailing ashy tinge, particularly above ; this being peculiar to the autumnal plumage, and strictly coincident with the like seasonal changes to be seen in the Palmer’s Thrush (var. palmeri) of the same locality. In the types, the markings below are very faint, being just perceptible ; while, in the specimens before me, the arrow-shaped spots on the lower throat and breast are very conspicuous, and in their character show a decided approach to the markings of the true cinereus. The varia- tion in curvature of bill in the three specimens is quite considerable; the bill in one being as much curved as in many examples of cinereus. In each case, however, as shown also in the two types, the bill is considerably shorter than is ever found to be the case in cinereus. The same striking difference in the length of bill is seen in var. palmeri, of the same region, when compared with the true curvirostris. The color of the lower mandible light brown, sometimes almost flesh color at base, dark at tip, a salient point of distinction is common to both cinereus and bendieri, and to them alone; all the other species, so far as I am aware, having a black unicolored bill. ;
The wide separation of the two forms in question, and the fact that the Cape Saint Lucas bird is restricted to the coast, while the Bendire’s Thrush inhabits the dry, almost waterless, plains of the interior, will suf- ficiently account for the discrepancies between them.
The Bendire’s Thrush seems to be a rather rare inhabitant, as compared at least with its congeners, the Palmer’s and Crissal Thrush of the wild cactus covered desert in the vicinity of Camp Lowell, Ariz. Elsewhere, it has not been met with, and, though I looked most carefully for it, I did not detect its presence till I reached this neighborhood, and upon leaving here,
on my way north, the species was immediately lost sight of. The speci-
156 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
mens taken by our party were found among the cactus plants, a predilec- tion for which they seem to share with the following variety. They were found breeding by Captain Bendire ; and by him I am informed that, unlike the Palmer’s Thrush, which almost invariably selects a cactus plant as the site of its nest, the present bird as invariably places its nest in bushes, especially in the mesquite shrubs, and that to find a nest in one of these is almost a guarantee of its ownership. In habits, they are wild and shy, at least in the fall and winter, and, when alarmed, skulk from cactus to cactus, and from one clump of bushes to another, so that it is no easy matter, even after they are found, for one to procure the coveted prize. In the very brief opportunity I enjoyed for seeing this species, I detected nothing in its habits peculiarly distinguishing it from the following.
l |
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. Tarsus.
¥44) | | a4 5 pa le (sees 607 | 2 | Camp Lowell, Ariz....| Sept. 6, 1874 | H. W. Henshaw.. -.-..| 4.03 | 4.71 | 0.72 1,28 608 |oooo: Ne eee dos 85. sees lenses dasa s2e: Dr. J. T. Rothrock....| 4.03 | 4.75 | 0.93 I. 31 Grin pete | eee (tee eaee eel Ease ae | H. W. Henshaw....-. 4.18 | 4.95 | 0. 72 1.33
HARPORHYNCHUS CURVIROSTRIS (Sw.) var. PALMERI, Ridgw. Palmer’s Thrush.
Harporhynchus curvirostris, COUES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 83.
Harporhynchus curvirostris var. palmeri, RiG@w., Rep. King’s Exp., v, 1872.—CovuEs, Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 329, fig. 68.—Id., Key N. A. Birds, 1872, app., 351.— Bp., Brew., & Rwa., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 43, app., 500.
This species appears to be as exclusive an inhabitant of the dreary desert region as the preceding, and, like it, was met with by our party but in the one locality mentioned above. Unlike the Bendire’s Thrush, it was here quite a common species, and its form easily distinguishable from all other birds of the district, save the one just mentioned, by the peculiarities of flight, and especially by the long tail, the weight of which seems, when flying, to actually encumber the bird, and, as it were, to drag it down.
Near a water-hole, some thirty miles from Camp Lowell, where is found a meager supply of the precious fluid, which, from long standing, becomes so stagnant and thick with mud that the thirsty animals which pass through,
PASSERES—TURDIDAE—H. CURVIROSTRIS VAR. PALMERI. 157
though suffering terribly from the effects of many miles’ weary travel over the burning sands, often reject it, considerable numbers of these thrushes were noticed in the throngs of the commoner kinds, as the Sparrows and White- winged Blackbirds, which resort here through the day to slake their thirst. The brink of the pool was often crowded with hundreds of birds brought thus together from common necessity, and forgetful of aught else save the urgent need which impelled them to seek this spot from great distances.
In its flight and manner of obtaining food, it reminded me much of the Brown Thrush of the East. It frequents the edge of the mesquite thickets, where it hops easily and lightly over the ground, peering about with its sharp eyes for insects. It skims swiftly and lightly through the air, keeping close to the ground, and, when alarmed, retreats from one thicket to another, and strives to escape search by hiding in the thick brush. When startled, it often ascended quickly to the tops of the tall mesquites, and moving quickly about, with nervous jerks of its long tail, emitted a succession of loud cluck- ing notes, which resemble those the Wood Thrush utters when expressing anger or alarm. Its disposition in general was wild and suspicious, and it was only by observing great care that I succeeded in getting sufliciently close to learn anything of its habits. I observed hundreds of their deserted nests built in the large Choia cactus; but at this season, Sep- tember 1 to 10, they had long ceased to breed, and but a single young bird in nesting-plumage was found. Their eggs must be deposited quite early in the season.
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. 611 |Q ad. | Water-hole, Ariz......| Sept. 7, 1874 | H. W. Henshaw...--. 4.10 | 5.09 | I. 14 1, 28 615 |Qjun.| Camp Lowell, Ariz . -.]---.- dO: 144] Soaci55 Giye asens geseee 4.35 |-5-48 | 1.10 1,28 (BVeA|) ANG losname domes eens scenes doe sacs |s25c- doles eee saseeees 4.08 | 5.02 | 1.23 I. 23 164 |\PAd: 5) set. domrsaste. kkk « DEPtleO, 0S 74i roe ae CO) Cane eee atic 4.36 | 5.12 | 1.08 I. 35 OD7a|Qiads)|\ece Giza acs ccs Meneses dommes: ||tess: doleskr eacsebaee 4.04 | 4.93 | 1.08 1. 28 O5241/ -SOUe Rees eras mon neHs Septs) OQ) 0374) lea. dOlseee ciate oi nee| 4etas S210) ers, 16 1.15 FOSis|'Dkadey|eare aes dome 4-232 8 -c Sept. 12,/1874\ (2.5 - <1 Golgi ea sce. = 4.18 | 5.12 | 1.14 1.25 Fie |e ites |eeseo- Gl) Hoe Hesse ce cal Se lS Te ELE eee dO cco nceesscck 4.23.|-4.45- | 1. 02 1.28 Fish |(syune|eae ee GOpestaeen esse Sept. 13, 1874] Dr. J. T. Rothrock....| 4.42 | 4.18 | 1.15 1.34 TIGNG 20s, |eaecn = dO Se eerastacncs Sept. 13, 1874 |.----- do) isp es }2228=. 4.17 | 5.08 | 1.11 1.25
158 ZOOLOGY.
HARPORHYNCHUS CRISSALIS, Henry. Red-vented Thrasher.
Harporhynchus crissalis, BD., Ives’ Col. Exped., 1857-58, pt. iv, 6—HENRy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., May, 1858, p. ——Bp., Birds N. A., i, 1858, 351.— HENRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico).—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 47.—Cours, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 65 (Fort Mojave, Cooper).—CoorER, Birds Cal., i, 1870, 18.—COUES, Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 370.—Id., Key, N. A. Birds, 1872, 75.—Id., Am. Nat., vii, 1873, 328.— Bp., BREW., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, pt. i, 47, pl. iv, f. 1, app. 500.—Yar- row & Hensnaw, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1872, Wheelers Exped., 1874, 6.— HENSHAW, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874.—Jd., An. List Birds Utah, 1872; Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 40.—Jd., Rep. Orn. Specs., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 97.
The great rarity of the Crissal Thrush hitherto in collections seems to be the result of its shy, retiring habits, and the rough nature of the country it inhabits, rather than to the scarcity of the bird; for it is found over a large extent of country, and is in certain regions by no means uncommon. According to my experience, it is not a bird of the plains, but inhabits by preference the rough sides of rocky cations or the hill sides covered with broken debris, interspersed with straggling bushes. With apparently the same general habits of the two preceding species, varied somewhat to suit the different nature of its habitat, it is far more shy and wary than either, and a moment's glimpse of its peculiar form, often hardly sufficient to enable one to makt sure of its identity, as it darts far ahead from some low bush into the thick brush, or over some low dividing ridge of rocks, is often the only proof to be had of its presence. Near Camp Lowell, Ariz., this species appeared to be quite common, and I obtained several specimens from the heavy brush that skirted the stream. This was the only time I had noticed them in such a locality, and doubtless they had been attracted down from the contiguous rocky hills by the presence below of berries and a greater abundance of insect food.
This, as the other Curve-billed Thrushes, is said to possess remarkable powers of song, which, in sweetness of tone and modulation, is almost unrivaled. In the fall, which is the only season I have ever observed them, they are very silent, and only when disturbed utter notes similar to those mentioned as belonging to the Palmer's Thrush. The nest is said to be a
PASSERES CINCLIDAE—CINCLUS MEXICANUS. 159
rude structure of coarse sticks, loosely put together, and lined with finer material. The eggs, of a uniform blue color, very similar to those of the common Robin, but lighter. In this respect, therefore, they would seem to differ from all others of the genus, which are spotted, often quite heavily, with different shades of brown.
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. 799 |g jun. | Mount Turnbull, Ariz.| Sept. 19, 1873 | H. W. Henshaw ..-...| 3.92 | 5.75 | 1.14 I, 32 310 | Q | Camp Bowie, Ariz..... Aug. 8, 1874 ]...... dona sieececnie 3.98 | 5.25 | 1.18 tg2 SO db adel| eels Gls} oSceccabance= Aug. 12, 1874] Dr. J. T. Rothrock.-.-.] 4.08 | 5.73 | 1.39 1,28 Zoriiuad. |-te-s- doves. staan Aug. 13, 1874 | H. W. Henshaw...... 3.68 | 5.08 | 1.32 1.18 635 ,Q ad. | Camp Lowell, Ariz....| Sept. 9, 1874]..... GhSraessoueceue 3. 84 | 5.70 | 1.26 1.25 (CN, G2) (?) (2), 1874 (?) 3.80 | 5.70 | 1.30 1,29 6540) \Oyads |= 2-2 =~ doesse cit ses oe |Pastiatdos.n tea H. W. Henshaw...... a7 7 Se2 7 lpkazo I, 20 684) |(Seaeets|tasese dow sotnseesecac Sept; Lig iS74llb--sse COjee a) aaieni= == -il)(45,08) |) Ge OO) ||| 2X..20 1.28
Fam. CINCLIDAE: Drrprrs.
CINCLUS MEXICANUS, Sw. Water Ouzel.
Cinclus mexicanus, SWAINS. Phil. Mag., 1827, 368.—NEwB., P. R. R. Rep., vi, 1857, 80.— HEERM. P. R. RB. Rep., x, pt. iv, 1859, 44. Cougs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 66.—BD., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 60.—CoopEr, Birds Cal., i, 1870, 25.—CouEs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 77.—MERRIAM, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872, 671 (nesting)—ALLEN, Bul. Mus. Comp. Zodl., iii, 1872, 174 (mount- ains of Colorado; Ogden, Utah)—YARrow & HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Specs., 1872, Wheeler’s EXxped., 1874, 6—HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 97.—Id., An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874.—Id., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 46.—Bp., BrEw., & Rine., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 56, pl. 5, fig. 1 Cougs, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1874, p. 10.
Hydrobata mexicana, BD., Birds N. A.,1858,229.—X ANTUS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 190 (Fort Tejon, Cal.).— HENRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 116 (New Mexico).—Coop. & Sucku., P. R. R. Rep., 12, pt. ii, 1860, 175.— CooPER, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 32 (Montana).—HOoLp., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xv, 1872, 194 (Black Hills).
The Water Ouzel is a common inhabitant along the swift mountain- torrents of the Rocky Mountains. It was found in several localities in Utah,
and was particularly numerous for a long distance on the Provo River, where the stream glides through a deep rocky canon, and at every turn makes
160 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
one of the noisy rapids, which this little bird, with its semi-aquatic habits, so loves to frequent. It is almost devoid of shyness, and, when busied, as it almost always is, in searching among the eddies for food, will allow its movements to be scrutinized at leisure by a person standing quietly a few paces away. It is constantly in motion, now flying swiftly from rock to rock with quick strong vibrations of its short wings, now wading into the shallows, and with quick dash securing some unlucky crustacean or water- beetle. Even when standing for a moment, and watching for the appearance of the prey, its body is kept in motion by constant downward jerks, not of the tail alone, but of the whole body, much like the Rock Wrens (Salpinctes and Catherpes), which are very grotesque, and give the bird the appear-. ance of constantly bowing. It dives and swims under water, no matter how strong the current, with the greatest facility, though it finds it unnecessary to practice this on the shallow streams, where I have most often seen it, and in the greatest numbers. Its song I have never heard, as it is silent after the young are reared, save the chattering notes which accompany its short flights from point to point. It winters on many of the streams of Utah, as also in Arizona, where, however, it appears to be not nearly so abundant as farther north; many streams seemingly well adapted to its peculiar habits being uninhabited. On some few of the streams in the White Mountains, Ariz., however, quite a number were seen, and here I noticed an unusual and interesting departure from the usual habits. Ona small pond among the high pine woods, occupying a perfectly isolated position, having neither inlet nor outlet, was a pair of these birds, and seemingly as perfectly at home on the borders of this quiet sheet of water as on the most turbulent rushing stream. I thought, too, that, in keeping with their surroundings, they had become less active, and their motions lacked somewhat of the quick, business like energy which usually characterizes them.
No. | Sex. | Locality. | Date. | Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. aie |
990 2) Diamond Creek, N. Mex} Noy. 11, 1873 | H. W. Henshaw...... 3.53 | 2.20 | 0.65 1.10
992 OT peas 0's se oat | eee 10) Seen eo ete WO je~ tad e nates | Soman | ees onan Redd
| 378 | Q | El PasoCounty, Colo ..|—— —, 1873] C. E. Aiken.......- -| 3-44 | 2.15 | 0.64 1,11
PASSERES—SAXICOLIDAE—SIALIA MEXICANA. 161
Fam. SAXICOLIDAE: Stone CuHats.
SIALIA MEXICANA, Sw. Western Bluebird.
Sialia mexicana, SWAINS., F'n. Bor.-Am., ii, 1851, 202.—Bp., Ives’ Col. Exped., 1857-58, pt. iv, 5.—Id., Birds N. A., 1858, 223—HEERM., P. R. R. Rep., x, pt. iv, 1859, 43.—KENNERLY, P. R. R. Rep., Whipp. Route, x, 1859, 24.—Bp., U. S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, Birds, 9.—Jd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 190 (Fort Tejon, Cal.)—HkEnry, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 106 (New Mexico).—Coop. & SucKL., P. R. KR. Rep., 12, pt. ii, 1860, 173.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1862, 63.—CouEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 66 (Fort Whipple).—Zd., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 82.— CooPER, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 52 (Montana).—Jd., Birds Cal., 1870, 28.—Id., Proc. Cal. Acad., 1870, 75 (Colorado River) —ALLEN, Bul. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 174 (foot-hills west of Denver, Colo.).—Couks, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 76.—YARRow & HensuAw, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 7—HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Specs., 1873, Wheelers Exped., 1874, 98.—Bp., Brew., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 65, pl. v, f. 2.— Cougs, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1874, 14.
Sialia occidentalis, Towns.—WooDH., Sitgreave’s Exp. Zuni & Col. Riv., 1854, 68.— NEws., P. R. RB. Rep., vi, 1857, 80.
This species possesses a wide range, being found from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, and having been detected at various points from Washington Territory to Mexico, yet it is by no means a common inhabitant throughout this extensive area. In Utah, it was not found by our parties at all, nor do I know of its occurrence in that Territory. In Colorado, it seems to be rather uncommon in the eastern portion of the Territory. It was not found in June near Fort Garland in 1873, nor at Santa Fé, N. Mex., in June of 1874, where, however, the succeeding species was abundant.
About July 23, Inscription, Rock, N. Mex., appeared to be a favorite locality for the species, and large numbers of both old and young were con- gregated together in the pinon and cedar trees. Their habits at this season do not differ notably from the other species. From here southward, they were frequently seen, commonly among the pines. At Camp Apache, in August, I found them in large flocks in the pine woods, and accompanied by flocks of Warblers, Nuthatches, and Titmice, to which they seemed to act as leaders,
the whole flock following their flight from tree to tree. It apparently win- 11ez,
162 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
ters in vicinity of Camp Apache, being found here in quite large flocks in
November. = = —s =a No. | Sex. Locality. | Date. Collector. | Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. 464 |Qjun.| Inscription Rock, N. | July 23, 1873) H. W. Henshaw...... | 4.30 | 2.71 | 0.40 0. 83 | | | Mex. | } Nera ae Beeces Ge eS Ge ASB eco alee ae Paes dO: naisateoss sone | 4.07 | 2.70 | 0.45 0. 79 527 é Camp Apache, Ariz....| Aug. 26, 1873 |..---. dO sce seen oo-5|| Ae LON zn OSe Onde 0, 68 670) | feads ane ene eee ene = | eDte NO7 aula Geese ley) To) BGI Ne 0. 83 | 975 |g ad. | Gila River, Southwest- | Oct. 28, 1873 |.---.. dO cncmcs cone aa-| 4245) 1) 290m Ona7 0, 80 ern New Mexico. | 962") ind. |=.n2-- dos -. sates ess | pace < dOReo = oo dO's aos eee A 2.98 | 0. 50 | 0. 85 | 754 |g ad.| Mount Graham, Ariz..; Sept. 19, 1874 | Soues OG esse eee ANS 7 Nie OS Ours | 0, 80 PET Piads|)aqdee- Ors cnten > were in| | SEPto Sigh OA "|omme ae Dee 4.41 | 2.92 | 0.50 0. 79 | 867) ¢ |------ OO sone aes Sept. 27, 1874 | eee Ose ae | 4-37 | 2.85 | 0.43 | o. 78 966:| 52-25 | Black River, Ariz. -.--..| Oct: 97, 1874 | 2-2 Ds ee sceeceee | 4.45 | 3-10 | 0.47 0. 78 1048 4 Camp Apache, Ariz... ; Oct. 22, 1874||------ dO Seeoen aneemal Aa 57) uk Sm OuAy, 0.77 | 1063 g ad. |.----. do Seer ana aces | Oct 24, 1874 |- Sean dovseseosesee =] Ang Tel P2COmmOsa 7, 0.77 10048|(Ohadsl| S=sse5, do Saas Saaeee ec Oct. 24, 1874 |...-.. do Pat ee eee 4.05 | 2.70|0.40| 0.73 | 1095 | f ad. Reece Gl Bee Och «een 187aee oe doy!< saan e tee 4.25 | 2.82] 0.47| 0.88 | 4.48 | 2.95 | 0.43] 0.77 | 1088 | # ad. leo UOiseos meee ae Oct 2oytavaien = Osseo aa ee Salis OO | 0.45 | 0.87
SIALIA ARCTICA, Sw. Rocky Mountain Bluebird.
Erythaca (Sialia) arctica, SWAUNS., Fn. Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 209, pl. xxxix.
Sialia macroptera,-BbD., Stans. Rep. Exp. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 314.
Sialia arctica, WoovH., Sitgreave’s Exp. Zuni & Col. Riv., 1854, 68.—Bp., P. R. R. Rep., Beckwith’s Route, x, 1857, 13, pl. xxxv.—Jd., Ives’ Col. Exped., 1857-58, pt. iv, 5.—Id., Birds N. A., 1858, 224.—Id., U. S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, Birds, 9.—KENNERLY, P. R. R. Rep., Whipp. Route, x, 1859, 24.— HEERM., P. R. R. Rep., x, pt. iv, 1859, 44—Hayp., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 12, 1862, 159.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 64.—Covgs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 66.—Cooprr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 32.—Jd., Birds Cal., 1870, 29.—Id., Proc. Cal. Acad., 1870, 75.—Srerv., U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1870, 463.—Yarrow, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1871, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 34.— Yarrow & HensnHaw, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 7.— AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xv, 1872, 194, 671.—MERRIAM, U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872, 671.—ALLEN, Bul. Mus. Comp. Zo@l., iii, 1872, 174 (mountains of Colorado, from plains to timber-line; Ogden, Utah).— Cours, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 76.—HENSHAW, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874.—IJd., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 40.—Id., Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 72, 98.—ALLEN, Proc. Bost.
PASSERES—SAXICOLIDAE—SIALIA ARCTICA. 163
Soc. Nat. Hist., June, 1874, 19.—Bp., BrEw., & Rine., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 67, pl. v, f. 2.—CouEs, U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1874, 14.
A common inhabitant of the mountainous regions of the central dis- trict, and very numerous in Utah, Colorado, and in Northern New Mexico and Arizona. It seems to be of a less confiding disposition than the pre- vious species; and I have usually found it during the breeding season in the wild, elevated districts, from 7,000 feet upward, where it frequents the more open spaces, where aspen groves alternate with the remains of pine woods, the broken stubs of which, charred by the fires which have swept through again and again, are seen on every side. In the cavities of these stubs, and the deserted woodpeckers’ holes in the aspens, they breed during the early summer months. In the neighborhood of Santa Fé, they breed commonly, and here were noticed in the vicinity of houses, seeming in fact to be as familiar and as much at home as does our own bluebird in the East. ‘Two broods are reared in a season. They do not apparently get much farther south in summer than Santa F¢, but in the late fall and winter are spread over the greater portion of both New Mexico and Arizona. In Utah, they were first noticed as migrating south in small flocks in early August. From this time until November 15, they were usually seen in small detached companies, pursuing their way southward.
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.) Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. 150 |g ad. | Gunnison, Utah ...... NepL meow S721 pe Weplleushawes sccm sceeealeese--| case selene. eee RSD || Oieads)|pecicen Glo) ceedeaecooecos||ssa55 doje se siales mer dO jerectonc ee ose oa saeisiee||(osoesel sen Sos|O sees eel 265 |g ad. | Iron City, Utah....... (OctyaponlS 72) [eee ee doiens 252. S hodal ees Heese: tease as saeees 387 2 Beaver, Utah.....---- INoyzet05 93/72)" Dra dC pVarrowiands|eeeeeaisccees|lsasscaliccccmene H. W. Henshaw. 143 | ad. | Fort Garland, Colo....] May 26, 1873 | H. W. Henshaw ..--.| 4.30 | 2.87| 0.83] 0.81 1694 ¢° ad. |. 2---- doves Sasso scnee May 28, 1873 ].----- dofesaniaeis meee | 45:5On nz. oon: 57) 0. 84 280 |9 ad. |...-.. Gls) Rese Saoaee nme 1657"873)|22--5- Gls) Soca eeeso cg uel ERS | 23518 || ss Il) oxkto 326 |g ad. | Rio Grande, Colo..... MIE T 2.908 720 tonne dome ea seseeai3)|'4s 5021 '221925)/'0156 0. 80 Sg0nliwades lea G19) ascecQoo ance||aaco = domeecer vneces Gi) stoonendesses 4.65 | 3.02 | 0.57 0. 86 B50 tmadai lense G0) Se Sedes coeceal| Jw ey Als sor GO oS Seb Accomnal| Woe ||| B.C) || ChiGy 0. 82 47 |¢ ad. | South Park, Colo ..... Tee) Bg HVE eo gece Go) saa pecewomesal) 6 Sieh Il aCe RO 0. 85 998 | f ad. | Salt Lake, N. Mex.-..| Nov. 19, 1873 |.----- dojesaa ase ae 4.58 | 3.03 | 0.50 0. 85 1006 | f ad. }...-.. (1b) -Sohegsaseceol esse Glo) es3353|[cnses3 Cl) Feee seas. SAoe 4.75 | 2.27 | 0.50 0.93 10 |g ad. | Santa Fé, N. Mex --..| June 17, 1874 Dr. J. T. Rothrock....| 4.43 | 2.93 | 0.55 o. 81 Ay | Guede leeeee= Gl) phescomeoces June 18, 1874 | H. W. Henshaw..--.. 4.48 | 2.98 | 0.45 0. 81 1S. |G ads \escace dogestoceeeccce June 10, 1874.| Dr. J. T. Rothrock....} 4.45 | 2.75 | 0.55 0. 88 21M Ouaden| atta Gls aes eeseaced umes zo; 8740 |e aeee GIS) soc ened Soed|| ARVO PEE ON GG 0. 85
164 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
Fam. SYLVIIDAE: Syrvias. REGULUS CALENDULA (LI.). Ruby-crowned Kinglet.
Motacilla calendula, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 337.
Regulus calendula, Woonu., Sitgreave’s Exp. Zuni & Col. Riv., 1854, 67.—Bp., U. S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1854, Birds, 9.—Id., Ives’ Col. Exped., 1857-58, pt. iv, 5.—ZId., Birds N. A., 1858, 226.—KENNERLY, P. R. R. Rep., Whipp. Route, x, 1859, 24.—HEERM., P. R. R. Rep., x. pt. iv, 1859, 43.—Id., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 190 (Fort Tejon, Cal.)—HEnry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 106.—Coor. & Sucku., P. R. R. Rep., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 174.—Hayon., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., xii, 1862, 159.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 66.—Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 66 (Fort Whipple).—Coorrr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 32.—Jd., Birds Cal., 1870, 33.—Id., Proce. Cal. Acad., 1870, 75.—SvEv., U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1870, 463.— AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xv, 1872, 195.—Snow, Birds Kan., 1872, 7.—CouEs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 78.—Mrrriam, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872, 671.—ALLEN, Bul. Mus. Comp. Zodl., iii, 1872, 974 (Colorado ; Utah).— HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 57, 72, 98.—Id., An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874.—Id., Au. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheel- er’s Exped., 1874, 40—Yarrow & HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 7.—Bp., Brew., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 75, pl. v, f. 9. Covers, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1874, 15.
The Ruby-crowned Kinglet, so well known during the migratory seasons throughout the Eastern States, occurs in even greater numbers in spring and fall throughout the Middle Region of North America. In the fall, they are especially numerous, and are, indeed, almost omnipresent ; having been met with by our parties from the limits of the pine region on the mountain tops to the lowest valleys, where they frequent the deciduous trees and shrubs along the streams. At this season, they are extremely sociable ; and, though occasionally one may be seen alone, they are more often met with in parties of five or six, often several being found in the same tree, or accompanying the Titmice, Warblers, Bluebirds, and other insectiverous birds, that at this season band together in large flocks, and pursue their way through the woods, all on terms of the utmost friendliness with each other. Rarely, indeed, are these companies found unaccompanied by one or more of the Kinglets, and among them they are prominent for the nimbleness of their movements and the
untiring industry they show in their pursuit of the small insects, now glean-
PASSERES—SYLVIIDA E—REGULUS CALENDULA. 165
ing them from among the small branches and interstices of bark, and now darting forth in chase of them as they fly past.
The species breeds in the heavy pine and spruce forests on the mount- ains of Colorado, and also in Arizona, both in the White Mountains and as far south as Mount Graham, in both which localities I saw the old birds leading about their young, still in the nesting plumage as late as August 1. In the mountains near Fort Garland, Col., it was a common species in June ; the pine woods at an elevation of 10,000 feet often echoing with the music of its sweet, beautifully modulated song, which is also wonderful for its power and the purity of its tones.
That. its nesting habits should so long remain unknown is by no means surprising, since, were it not for the song, its presence in these forests would hardly be detected, frequenting, as is its habit at this season, the tops of the tall coniferous trees. June 11, while collecting on a mountain near the Rio Grande, I discovered a nearly finished nest, built on a low branch of a pine, which I have little doubt belonged to this bird. The male was singing directly overhead; but, although I watched for some time in hopes of being able to see the female in the act of building, I was disappointed. The nest was a somewhat bulky structure, very large for the size of the bird, externally composed of strips of bark, and lined thickly with feathers of the Grouse (Canace obscura).
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. 304 9 ad.| North Creek, Utah....| Sept. 26, 1872) H. W. Henshaw and |...---]...--.].-----|-------- | Dr. H. C. Yarrow. 215 |G ad. | Near Ft. Garland, Colo | May 30, 1873 | H. W. Henshaw...-..| 2.42 | 1.60 | 0.37 0. 65 2oveudeads pense ote eee eeeeee|ejume SysI873)|s0---- Olsen eee 2.43 | 1.97 | 0.34 0. 72 258 gjun.} Mount Graham, Ariz..| Aug. 1, 1874)|.----. Gite seacee 2.36 | 1.90 | 0.44 0. 68 116 Jun. | Sangre de Cristo, Colo.}| Aug. 9, 1874 C. E. Aiken........-- 2233) |) T..05; || 0137, 0. 74 254 gf ad.| Terra Amarilla, N. Mex] Sept. 15, 1874 |.----- dO! sa2s-cos5 5052 2.40 | 2.03 | 0.37 0. 73 287) dad. |) Pagosa, Colo =-.-.----|| Sept. 19, 1874) |o==- =. Oe see nee 2,36 | 1.98 | 0.36 0. 76 S20 Mount Graham, Ariz -. ‘Sept. 23, 1874 | H. W. Henshaw.... .. 2.36 | 1.90 | 0. 38 0, 69 853 | OV Nees sees doses erase sce: Sept. 24, 1874 |---: -- G0} eb ale coos Gene 2.20 | 1.77 | 0.38 0. 70 S520! NO) eee Clove: SSS UO Been | eres Glee elmer | Gee do 2.27 | 1.88 | 0.38 0. 70 yO Meh esewee Ores emse gems oe Sepia 2eeO74ulae se dole see ee ren 5 On| miei 10s40 0. 75 1094 a Camp Apache, Ariz.--.} Oct. 30, 1874 |.--- -- GW ses es Cceed|| Ossi PBC: NCE 0. 74
166 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
POLIOPTILA CA4ERULEA (L.) Blue-gray Gnatcatcher.
Motacilla carulea, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 337.
Culicivora caerulea, Woonnu., Sitgreave’s Exp. Zuni & Col. Riv., 1854, 67.
Polioptila carulea, Bd., Ives’ Col. Exped., 1857-58, pt. iv, 6.—Id., Birds N. A., 1858, 380.—Cours, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 66 (Fort Whipple).—bop , U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, Birds, 13.—HrERM,, P. RK. R. Rep., X, pt. iv, 1859, 39.—Xanrus, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, Cal.) Henny, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico).— Hayp., Trans. Philo. Soc. Phila., xii, 1862, 164.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 74.—Coorer, Birds Cal., 1870, 85,—Id., Proe. Cal. Acad., 1870, 75.— ALLEN, Bul. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 174 (Eastern Kansas).—Snow, Birds Kan., 1872, 9.—Covrs, U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., Birds Northwest, 1874, 17.—Id., Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 78—HENsSHAW, Rep. Orn. Specs., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 99.
This little bird appears to be sparingly, though quite generally, dis- tributed in New Mexico and Arizona, where I have seen it in several localities, though I have never detected the closely allied forms P. melanura and plumbea, which are both said to occur in Arizona. The Blue-gray Gnateatcher is of a very lively disposition, and keeps so constantly in motion that to observe its habits is a matter of no little difficulty, as it moves rapidly from tree to tree, scanning the foliage and twigs as it passes along with quick, nervous turnings of its head and rapid glancings of its eyes. They are also expert fly-catchers, and their flying sallies are frequent and usually successful. They are most often found in the oaks that are scat- tered over the hill sides, or in the scrub of the foot hills, and are not found
in the mountains.
| | No. | Sex. | Locality. | Date. | Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. | | | | bie eres al a Ne 720 Q South of Camp Apache, | Sept. 8, 1873 | H. W. Henshaw ...-... | 1.91 | 2 24 | 0.33 0. 65 j Ariz. | S98 | 3 San Pedro, Ariz ...--- | Och 35, 1679) assoc OSes tence 2. 03 | 2.35 | 0.40 0. 70 321 |gjun.| Camp Bowie, Ariz ....| Aug. 8, 1874].----- dares eee 1.87 | 2.07 | 0.40 0. 65 50 |g ad. | Aguazul, N. Mex ..-.. July 925, 13yai oe. = O10 eee renee 1.90 | 2.10 | 0.38 0, 68 157 |g ad. | NearCampApache, Ariz) July 19, ISA Vos2 sik AOeseesaaee ons | 2,00 | 2.25 | 0.40] 0.67 | TGON ade | ANIZONA aon = sols ona | ae elarere eeeeee UO ee eee 2.10 | 2.20] 0,40] 0.68 | | ao SLs a elf
PASSERES—PARLDAE—LOPHOPHANES INORNATUS. 167
Fam. PARIDAE: TiITMiIce. LOPHOPHANES INORNATUS, Gamb.
Gray-tufted Titmouse.
Parus inornatus; GAMB., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., August, 1845, 265 (Upper Cali- fornia).
Tophophanes (sic) inornatus, Bp., Ives’ Col. Exped. 1857-58, pt. iv, 6.
Lophophanes inornatus, WOODH., Sitgreave’s Exp. Zuni & Col. Riv., 1854, 69.—bp., Birds N. A., 1858, 386.—XANTUS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 91 (Fort Tejon, Cal.).—HEERM., P. R. R. Rep., x, pt. iv, 1859, 42.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 78.—COUES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 79 (Fort Whipple).— Coorer, Birds Cal., i, 1870, 42.— AIKEN, Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1872, 195.—CovuEs, Key N. A. Birds, 1842, 80, f. 22.—Bp., BREw., & RipG., N. A. Birds, pt. i, 1874, 93, pl. vi, f. 4 Yarrow & HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Specs., 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 7.—HENSHAW, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. Who Weg 2815 1874.—Id., An. List Birds Utah, 1572, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 40.—Id., Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 99.—CovEs, U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., Birds Northwest, 1874, p. 20.
Lophophanes bicolor, HENRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico).
This Titmouse is resident in Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico, and, in the localities it most aflects, is a common bird. These, in the more northern portion of its habitat, are the groves of pifion and serub cedars, and ‘1 Southern Arizona the oaks are much frequented; but it never is found, I believe, in the pine woods. Its habits much resemble those of its eastern congener (L. bicolor). It spends much of its time on the ground, search- ing for insects, and quite likely the pion nuts and acorns may, during the fall and winter, form a part of its food, though I have never seen them pay any attention to these. It has much curiosity, and, though somewhat timid, will oceasionally remain within easy distance of an intruding person; keeping a careful watch upon his motions, and uttering its harsh, scolding notes, expressive alike of anger and fear. It has, in the early summer, a short, disconnected song, which, however, is often sweet and pleasing. I have never seen more than three or four together, even in the fall; but, in every company of the other Titmice, Warblers, or Bluebirds, a few of this species is
always found.
168 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
| No. | Sex. | Locality. | Date. Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. | | fi - : ' ; re | 247 é | Iron City, Utah....... Oct.» '55:1871)| EW. Tenshaweo-c-<|-n-son|heoaee stannill @cconteanes 258 OF) Who seers Cee Old (ee 1871 | = =f AOD ieeererwioe sista e a weios a.<1| 0c a eee] ee eee 261 \/9"ad: |sc2-— dois 2=csi tet (OCES Seedo7i these do. eee) been cenc Aas= | [an es ZOE WA) Vestaces do @ soo see dpi. - 28. see (OSE eae erence nee | foe 8 eee 203) dds oe (2 [oe Rae rae ae dO si. seuece dO2 25-3. Ssaiccc| tases Coseas |e eees leeeeeee 264 Oy lee Geese seca sins |=so- dee ss---|-seeee doen 2222 2325-4] 222) eee! fae ean Oeece se | 390 é Beaver, Utah......--. | Nov. 11, 1871} Dr. H. C. Yarrow and |...--.|......]..---.|.--..--- | H. W. Henshaw. 391 O 7). ae eae dO. 38 - Seon een GO oan sell coe dO} sccatcnns cos |sancesleoores seuss bees 392 aval |e GO) secress eeeseeee do se5=-|esa- 8 aan =n pee) esemen| ae ske= =a 393 Si Reece. dOiss- 2208-2 | Se dots 2. |f23= 55 GOs ss sceceu csaclaceaec|scasee| ee oes | 304 Oe | eee do OO vesane ae OO sees eon ee Roa Soe ae eee | 395 OF esa S do (OR sel laa dO i252 occa cnses|sasme= | 206), 5 Oumleeooee do.. as doce .=s|-s-—-- (eee merino Cees (eOcans 397 2 dO. zeece ces tenes rs Ce Re eer do's-Stiescescaleee ee 403 m) Cove Creek, Utah..... | Noy. 13, 1871 | ee (lVe5a-Bosshecad eces:
LOPHOPHANES WOLLWEBERI, Bp.
Wollweber’s Titmouse.
Lophophanes wollweberi, Br., C. R., xxxi, September, 1850, 478.—Bp., Birds N. A., 1858, © 386.—Id., U. 8. & Mex. Bound. Surv.,, ii, pt. ii, 1859, Birds, 14, pl. xv, f. 1.— KENNERLY, P. R. R. Rep., Whipp. Route, x, 1859, 27.—HEnNrRy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico).—Cougrs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 79 (ort Whipple).—Bp., Rey. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 79.—Coormr, Birds Cal., i, 1870, 43.—CouEs, Key N. A. Birds, 1572, 80, f. 24. —Hrensnaw, Rep. Urn. Spees., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 99.
In the more southern portions of New Mexico and Arizona, this appears to be a very generally distributed species, and, in certain localities, was frequently met with. Of its breeding habits, nothing is known. In the fall, however, these are very distinct from the preceding species. Instead of being found in small companies or as stragglers on the skirts of the large flocks of other species, it habitually moves about in flocks, composed often of twenty-five, and even more, of its own species; its exclusiveness in this particular being quite noticeable, though once or twice I have seen a few on intimate terms of companionship with the other.Chickadees. It pays especial attention to the oaks, in which trees they move about slowly from limb to limb, serutinizing each crevice and fold of bark which is likely to
serve as a hiding place for insects. They are thus very thorough in their
PASSERES—PARIDAE—PARUS MONTANUS. 169
search, but have less of the rapidity of movement and nervous energy which
characterize other members of this group. They are less noisy, too; their
notes, though Chickadee-like, being weaker and fainter, and not infrequently
one may, when watching one or two of these birds, find himself surrounded
by a large number, which have silently closed in around while he was
wholly unconscious of their presence. They are strictly arboreal, sharing
only to a slight degree the terrestrial habits which are common to the other
Titmice, especially of this genus.
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. 193 |gjun.| Rock Canon, Ariz ....| July 21, 1874) H. W. Henshaw...--- 2.52 | 2.48 | 0.35 0, 66 POO™ |My eee a ho) Socecsosbeen || |bades Gl} aeeces|oeosoe do poeeseeee eas | 2n4 On 2145510733) 0. 70 419 |gjun.| Bowie Agency, Ariz...| Aug. 16, 1874 |------ Gleaes soo eee a Ss| CEPA INS Web eis 0. 72 AZO) Onn.) | 2 ssa= doje sseeseescses bape et Of fei alll eeaio we dojereasneseicse= 2.45 | 2.38 | 0.32 0. 68 Foy Neujies |leseaee dower teen eccte dom soe aliases Gl. Sa aee eae 2.57 | 2.47 | (0:35 0. 68 LODE Varying eases dOeceee a aicees Aug. 17, 1874 |.----- Glvjfiedanaconccese 2.58 | 2.50 | 0.35 0. 73 | 425 |Qjun.|.----- Uk)s choo comecads| [anncs Glo) AScets| (be coos Ope een eciete ae | 0254026 SON nk On 35 0. 68 426) |(Sjuns)|-s. =~ Glos Acsopcesoees||accac dOmesece scien doenare-ecis<- 2.52 | 2.58 | 0.35 0.57 LOE Ne os5c6||boooss Gli sasanoceateec||sase 5) speciale ce: dO. -cecwesen-s 2.60 | 2.55 | 0.33 0. 67 ABTA i Jascllncsee Glee onoheoeed) beers dotetsac|eseee- Oise eo s-sesiecay 2.65 | 2.55 | 0.38 0. 72 B23 Nhe} o sae G10) Seco aSh5c5ual|SooeG Glo saceae| Paode dojson=csteves se 2.50 | 2.47 | 0.33 0. 65 429 |Qjun.|...-.- Glo} sesor scuoeto oodSS Glo). Sees |Saeros dO sue tise sects 2.55 | 2.50 | 0.33 0. 67 513 Q ad. | NearCamp Crittenden, | Aug. 27, 1874 ].----- Glo) ceedssoo ool Zac! || east PChse, 0. 64 Ariz. 534 | Jun. |.----- dOetetessoeseae Aug. 29, 1874|..---- Gly eeee eerednel| zis | ame NEE 0. 66 566 | Qjun.|.----- Gl} Sa65 Saosaese Bee Od Ofe seein dOss os seeiswrio ai 2,40 | 2.40 | 0.32 0. 65 974 |d ad. | NearCampApache, Ariz] Oct. 9, 1874 |.----- Gl) Sacecce DOSaeS 2.60 | 2.50 | 0.33 0, 69
PARUS MONTANUS, Gamb. , Mountain Chickadee.
Parus montanus, GAMB., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., April, 1843, 259.—W OODH.,
Sitgreave’s Exp. Zuni & Col. Riv., 1854, 63 —NEws., P. R. R. Rep., vi, 1857, 79.—Bp., Ives’ Col. Exped., 1857-58, pt. iv, 6.—Id., Birds N. A., 1858, 394.—XantTUS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, Cal.).— HreErm., P. R. R. Rep., x, pt. iv, 1859, 42.— HENRY, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico)—Coop. & Suck1., P. R. RB. Rep., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 194.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 82—CooPER, Am. Nat., ili, 1869, 75 (Montana).—Srev., U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1870, 464.—COoPER, Birds Cal., 1870, 46.—A1KEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xv, 1872, 195.— Merriam, U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872, 672.—CoUES, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 81—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 174 (mountains of Colorado).—HENsHAW, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874, p. 2.—Id., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 40—YarRRow &
170 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 7—HENsuAw, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 72, 99.—Couxs, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., Birds Northwest, 1874, 22.
Pecile montanus, Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 79.
A common inhabitant of the deep pine woods, where, during the breed- ing season, it is chiefly confined. A very active and persistent insect hunter, exploring every crack and crevice beneath the rough bark for the hidden larvee, which are instantly dragged forth, and, after being vigorously ham- mered on some horizontal limb and reduced to a shapeless mass, are eagerly
swallowed. Its habits are essentially like those ef its congeners.
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus.
poe S| 7 E |
414 g Fillmore, Utah ....-.. | Nov. 17, 1872 | H. W. Henshaw and }...... | Fae ti sSoss5\ecoescs
| | Dr. A. C. Yarrow. 415 On Nee dora 2 Se ee aoe---s | ac ee Gis Bn cae e call eee eel aeeeeH Saar Aeneas 417 Pee ose OC RS SORE Cray rei dovcsce. pesese do Staal ener: |IBre ceed bc caaal inssosece Wey leonnse (GEYCCHONG) Srtrcist tesa eters ate ata | asters (0 oS eeSe Eros mead mosoa| Mec saallt- nsec 7 emer boaaar (ie RO Se samar ea acroSoe eee ke neocod aaadqallsadacd||ses=c.)lsesoe]|sscnss55 60 | gjun.| Willow Spring, Ariz...) July 12, 1874 | H. W. Henshaw...... 2.85 | 2.53 | 0.38 3 106: |... =<= Sangre de Cristo Pass, | Aug. 8, 1874 | GC: BxAikenlasocccese 2.64 | 2.61 | 0.42 0. 75 Colo. |
TE25| Gijuns| seesee dG cetera eesees Augueig tS743| sess don aie aoe 24731 ||\ 23102 | 0. 40 0.77 | Poet | Pe ae ee eode, (Ce eS See coe (eee dosaneenerea~ UG sscee seme 2.77 | 2.63 | 0.44 0. 73 TOK 2 ae oe Trinchara Creek, Colo.) Aug. 18, 1874 |.----- dome eee nal 2a Oe eee sO. ai 0. 63 TGS Saale sat dO Season seas | Aug. 19, 1874|.----- do.ncse ct sanee | 2.85 | 2.68 | 0. 38 0. 75 e's) |e Parosa, Colo ->----=-- Aug. 31, 1874 |.----- dO to noeeres sete | 2, 67 | 2.65 | 0.40 0. 73
792 |g ad. | Mount Graham, Ariz ..| Sept. 22, 1874) H. W. Henshaw....-.. | 2.80 | 2. 59 | 0.40 0. 73 | POR MON sil meet dO ea es saan lees Ona SESE do" acc seers 2.64 | 2.64 | 0.40 0.75 SOQ Pr ads|ceaao= aly SoS Sols cos Sept: 2g; 1074) |poeee= dopee= eee eee 2.70 | 2.55 | 0.43 0. 75 $45 |g ad. |....-. dons ose Sept. 24, 1874 |.----- oso ose oe] NNT) | NOR a pease 0.75 866 Gy) tlzecece CO jeseacaen an 4) NEDinah, eo 7Ag eae dOmeeeseeteseees 2.90 | 2.67 | 0.38 0.75
| |
PARUS ATRICAPILLUS, L., var. SEPTENTRIONALIS, Harris. Long-tailed Chickadee.
Parus septentrionalis, HARRIS, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1845, 300.—Bp., Stans. Rep. Exp. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 316.—TJd., Birds N. A., 1858, 389,—HAyp., Trans. Philo. Soe., xii, 1862, 164.—Bp., Birds N. A., i, 1864, 79.—STEv., U.* S. Geol. Sury. Terr., 1870, 464.—Snow, Birds Kan., 1872, 9.—A1IKEN, Proce. 30st. Soc. Nat. Hist., xv, 1872, 195.
Parus atricapillus?, News., P. R. R. Rep., vi, 1857, 79 (California; Oregon).
Parus septentrionalis var. albescens, BD., Birds N. A., 1858, pl. xxxvii.
Parus atricapillus var. septentrionalis, CouRS, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 81.—ALLEN, Bul. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., ili, 1872, 174 (Kansas; Colorado; Utah).—Yarrow & HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1572, Wheeler’s Lxped., 1874, 7.—HENSHAW,
PASSERES—PARIDAE—P. MINIMUS, VAR. PLUMBEUS. eal
An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874.—I/d., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheel- er’s Exped., 1874, 41.—Id., Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 72.—ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., June, 1874, 19.—Covrs, U.S. Geol. Sury. Terr., Birds Northwest, 1874, 21.
Common in cottonwood groves near Provo River, 1872, in July and November ; not seen elsewhere. In Colorado, this appears to be a not very common species ; at all events, it is much less abundant than the Mountain Chickadee. Found indifferently in the heavy pine woods and among the cottonwoods of the streams. Could detect no differences in habits and notes from the eastern Chickadee (atricapillus), from which it chiefly differs in its
longer tail and lighter colors.
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. | Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. 26 ||O}yunt||| Provo; Ultahi.--- ...<-. sl yet 72) Pela) benshaweees s5|eaeees tesco |eseace becht=cice 2AW adel eee a GWansooscosses ZN OS (ey /Alesasee CO rs Se eB HG> 5 Seed soseno| |soeccd lssseesee 250 ORad. |paecee dOvccsose ceeesslincncrs dotereee es eaee OD erase Se wistrecenl|Seoecalkecee asics Beene
Ierazy guy une ee eee dOvwehee eeecee| eee doves :26./||ssceee dost cae aaesce:||t oem ol Mater eect en lNe- seers
430 OOP Gecees dO voectecinc secs INOVs825.915 72) temic ELenshaw/ ands) haem eee sel eral eee aeee
Dr. H. C. Yarrow. 149 | Jun. | Fort Garland, Colo....| Aug. 12, 1874] C. E. Aiken....-..... 2.60 | 2.78 | 0. 36 0. 68
aye) UNEW |heceee doses neees Oct) xo, 1874. |22--5- donee eee ae 2.68 | 2.85 | 0.38 0. 67
342 | Ad. | Pueblo, Colo...-..-..| Oct. 14, 1874 |------ dojesssee cine sei 2.66 | 2.90 | 0.33 0, 62
BOGn |g ads |iee- Glelo toon seem sone Oct 918; 087A) eee. domes ee gees 2.80 | 2.97 | 0.34 0. 71
PSALTRIPARUS MINIMUS (Towns.), var. PLUMBEUS, Bd. Lead-colored Titmouse.
*saltria plumbea, BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, June, 1854, 118 (Little Colorado). Psaltriparus plumbeus, BD., Birds N. A., 1858, 398.—KENNERLY, P. R. R. Rep., Whipple’s Route, x, 1859, 27, pl. xxxiii, f. 2— HENRY, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico).—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 84—Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 79 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.).—SrTrv., U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1870, 464 (Green River).—Coorrr, Birds Cal., i, 1870, 49.—Cours, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 23.—A1kEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1872, 195 (Eastern Colorado).—YArrow & HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Specs., 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 7.—BpD., Brew., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 110, pl. vi, f. 6—Covuxs, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., Birds Northwest, 1874, 25. Psaltriparus minimus (error), HENSHAW, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874.—J/d., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 40.—/d., Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 99.
Mr. Aiken is, I believe, the only one who has found this species
in Kastern Colorado, where he reports it as a winter resident. In Utah,
a2 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
Arizona, and Western New Mexico, this little Titmouse is abundant and quite generally distributed, though it avoids the heavy pines, among which I have never seen it, seeking especially the hilly regions covered with pinons and cedars, where they may be seen in fall and winter in very large flocks. In such localities, they probably breed, as I found them in the worn dress peculiar to this period. They are also fond of frequenting the heavy brush along the streams and canon sides. This is one of the most active and industrious of the family; constantly on the move, searching here and there with sharp, prying eyes for the various small insects and their larvee. It is perfectly fearless, knowing no danger, and its social disposition is shown in its custom of uniting in flocks often numbering fifty or one hundred individuals, which, as they move along intent on their hunting forays, keep up an incessant querulous chirping.
| No. | Sex. | Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. 238 Ag | Iron City, Utah. ..---. Oct. 5, °1872 |) H.W. Henshaw. 22) 22 =~ =e oon eee en 230) | stark see oe do .. sonnel s5-)|e555 -- OO ese sae ce eee eee | eee eet eee ZAOT gO a easter d0ics-s=-35 SOO seeees peo dO Jc desace ec cocl| noose ieceee |p aeee a aero | 241 ee Wacepaas ib) RaeA Rede co cs|leoe OG Foote scat omer Ge) Beene eos Semaee ieee pec a) [-to- te 242 dn) Bo do. doisea==| eee Co Teen osaee ence ne ts else ees 243 ean eee Gi ate sere iceserccl seem 0 Soeece laces CO. oe dieses amos| ee ages saceeal ae eal eater 244 (oP) Pacers Oke seo) | amore dO ce rcaes| seen 0 Semen oe as ee el ee oe 245 Ki eee (os oecieey cers ile ee al a (lene ner As) Bee) ieee e mone Bo ace | 246) || VOM coe OO\s2 ce, sode a sawn eone= U0 ye anaes (ise ee oe acl Poecod ocean socecc|leaseanss 386 9 | Beaver, Utah. ....---- Noy. 10, /1872)|-~-.-<- Ree ee Seed) peneed Seesc baer faor coo. Wee Gal Baaees (Alcoholic)? esse o> =| -serqse cee a |iblan Wey blenshew sands | eee eee ea) cos | \ Dr. H. C. Yarrow. BSG) eecceesel ebaeeeee (6 (ieee Seo osaees Sacq seSelasso=> do .. Ens Paes eenrs| eco eas aos: | 451 Q | Fort Wingate, N. Mex.| July 16, 1873 | H. W. Henshaw..--.-- 1.95 | 2.46 | 0.2 0. 58 | 581 |Qjun.| Camp Apache, Ariz....] Aug. 21, 1873 |.----- elcmocy secco=: 1.92 | 1.85 | 0.31 0, 61 6085], 9k aes dorses2 Shc Se Aug. 24, 1873 |-----. dojsss.taboee es 1.93 | 1.93 | 0.28 0.60 | |* 27 |g ad | Santa Fé, N. Mex July 20, 1874 ].-.--- doneeeee > 2.00 | 2.00} 0.31 | 0.63 | #280 |9 ad. |_....- dO; $2 .sc83~ 525s | See Sado cess | eee dO = ccena scene 1.95 | 2.25 | 0.32 0. 65 |"319 |Q ad. | Camp Bowie, Ariz ....] Aug. 8, 1874 |.----- (CREE asec: 1.84 | 2.26 | 0.35 0. 58 20) | ¢/ad.)|\2=-.. dco eee eos oo a Ome eee donee eee 1.85 | 2.10 | 0.2 0. 67 "354 Port kell ese dO Ss = nan .ce- | AUP iy LO eseaa 0) pace nessa nl Xe OG, 2520 [eOnze 0. 62 [Agcy | Glad. \.2.. 12 do -. se mers seen | cee edo eet aes doksi= Ae 1.95 | 2.37 | 0.2 0. 60 969 |Qjun. | Camp Apache, Ariz....| Oct. 9, 1874 |.----- dOieatc=a<i-sce esl) 2OF | (2) 27 IrOn2e 0. 60 g7von|> a) | the 2 do. 25.2- cee oreo eee eee memes Glan =k eeeenemee| | oly 2.38 | 0.30 0. 60 | | 971 Cle | eee do 0p Acees) eee eet ene sscenee 2.10 | 2.55 | 0.30 0. 62 | 972 9 ad WO yesc: oho oa dems. dle Giese kee cute 2.08 2.47 | 0.28 0. 62 '
* Worn; breeding-dress.
PASSERES—PARIDAE—AURIPARUS FLAVICEPS. Was
AURIPARUS FLAVICEPS (Sund.). YVellow-headed Titmouse, Verdin.
Agithalus flaviceps, SUNDEVALL, Ofversigt af Vet. Ak. Férh., vii, v, 1850, 129.
Aigithalus flaviceps, SUND.—HEERM., P. R. BR. Rep., x, pt. ii, 1859, 93.
Paroides flaviceps, Bp., Ives’ Col. Exped., 1857-58, pt. iv, 6.—Id., Birds N. A., 1858, 400.—Id., U. S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, Birds, 14, pl. xv, f. 2.—Id., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1859, 304 (Cape St. Lucas).
Auriparus flaviceps, Bp., Rey. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 85—Couns, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1866, 79 (Cooper, Colorado Valley).—Id., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 83.—CooPER, Birds Cal., i, 1870, 51.—Cours, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 82.—HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Specs., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 99.—BD., Brew., & RipG., N. A. Birds, 1875, i, 112, pl. vii, f. 11.
A single specimen was taken at old Camp Goodwin, Ariz., and occa- sionally an individual was met with among the mesquite trees along the Gila River. The habits, so far as observed, seemed to resemble those of the Titmice, as does also its great variety of notes.
In 1874, I met with the species but once, at Camp Lowell, Ariz., in September. This seeming rarity of the species in a region well adapted to its habits was probably due to the lateness of the season at which our visits to Southern Arizona have been made; it probably having departed to a more
congenial winter habitat farther south.
| : No. | Sex Locality. | Date. Collector. | Wang: Tail. | Bill. aoe | 630 fo) Camp Lowell, Ariz... re Sept. 9, 1874 H. W. Henshaw..---- | 1.95 | 2.00 | 0.35 | 0. 58 792 iO Camp Goodwin, Ariz zl Sept. 17; 1874)|------ Ol) oS s5.0605 Seea| 2.07 | 1.87 | 0.35 0.57 906 | of | Gila River, Ariz -. | Octa mea IS7At ese ani il) a osepseidosoad | 1.90 | 1.93 | 0.33 0, 60
Fam. SITTIDA: NUTHATCHES. vy SITTA CAROLINENSIS, Gm., var. ACULEATA, Cass. Slender-billed Nuthatch.
Sitta aculeata, Cassty, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., viii, October, 1856, 254.—BpD., Birds N. A., 1858, 375, pl. 33, f. 3—HrErm., P. R. R. Rep., x, pt. ii, 1859, 56.—XAntUus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, Cal.).— KENNERLY, P. R. R. Rep., Whipple’s Route, 1859, pl. xxxiii, f. 2, 26—Coop. & Suck., P. R. R. Rep., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 193.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1564, 86.—CouEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 78 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.)— CoopER, Birds Cal. 1870, 54—Murrriam, U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1572, 672.— AIKEN, Proe. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1872, 195.
Sitta carolinensis, WoonH., Sitgreave’s Exp. Zuni & Col. Riv., 1854, 66—NeEws., P. R. hk. Rep., vi, 1857, 79.
174 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
Sitta carolinensis var. aculeata, ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., 1872, 174 (mountains of Colorado).—CovugEs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 83.—Y Arrow & HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 8—H4rEnsHAW, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874.—Jd., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., Is74, 40.—Jd., Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheeler's Exped., 1874, 73, 100.—Bb., Brew., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 117.—ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., June, 1874, 19.—CovuEs, U. 8S. Geol. Sury. Terr., Birds Northwest, 1874, 24.
This Nuthatch is an abundant resident throughout the extensive pine woods of the West, following them in their upward range on the mountains to nearly or quite their limit. Like its eastern representative, it is found frequenting many of the deciduous trees, though it evinces a more marked predilection for the pines. Its habits and notes are so similar to those of the eastern bird that a history of the one would answer perfectly well for the other. |
No. Sex. | Locality. | Date. | Collector, | Wing.) Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. — — = A = 226 | ¢ ad. | Fort Garland, Colo....| June 3, 1873 | H. W. Henshaw...-.. 3.45 | 2.04 | 0.75 0, 65 114 | fjun. | Willow Spring, Ariz...| July 13, 1874 |.---.. stems oosboset 3-57 | 2.04 | 0.65 0. 70 | | 293 |g ad. | Pagosa, Colo .......-.| Sept. 19, 1874] C. E. Aiken .......... 3.58 | 2.15 | 0.78] 0,68 | | 869 | fo) Mount Graham, Ariz ..| Sept. 25, 1874 H. W. Henshaw...-... 3-75 | 2.16 | 0. 80 0. 73 | | alee ———— doje. Sees eeeds saan Rss GOES So snsee- se 3-59 | 2.16 | 0.80 0. 72
SITTA CANADENSIS, L. Red-bellied Nuthatch.
Sitta canadensis, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 177.—Bp., Ives’ Col. Exped., 1857-58, pt. iv, 6.—Id., Birds N. A., 1858, 376.— HENRY, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico).—Coor. & Suckt., P. R. R. Rep., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 192.— Hayp., Trans. Philo. Soc. Phila., xii, 1862, 164.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 87.—CovuEs, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 79.—Coorrr, Birds Cal., i, 1870, 54.—Svev., U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1870, 464.—Snow, Birds Kan., 1872, 9.—Cours, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 83, f. 27.—Bp., BREw., & Ripa., N. A. Birds., i, 1874, 118, pl. viii, f. 7 —HeENsHAw, Rep. Orn. Specs., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 73.—Cours, U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., Birds Northwest, 1874, 25. ¥
The Red-bellied Nuthatch appears to be of rather uncommon ocecur- rence in the far West. It was not detected by our parties in Utah, though found by Mr. Ridgway in the Wahsatch Mountains in June, where he states it was not common. In the pine woods near Fort Garland, Southern
Colorado, I found it breeding in June, and, though less abundant than either
PASSERES—SITTIDAE—SITTA PYGMASA. 175
the Pigmy or Slender-billed varieties, it was still by no means rare Its habits, while differing in no notable degree from those of its allies, are pos- sessed of even more of the energy and restless activity which belong to the whole tribe; and at this, the nesting, season, the males especially were busy from morning till night roving about among the pines and aspens, engaged in hunting not only on their own account, but also for their mates engaged in the cares of incubation. In these duties, however, both sexes take part, and the females were occasionally found abroad while their place on the nest was filled by the males. The single nest examined was found in a small pine stub, a few feet from the ground. The hole was excavated in the rotten wood to the depth of five inches, no especial care having been taken to render this smooth and symmetrical, and was thoroughly lined at bottom with fine shreds of pine bark. The eggs, five in number, were far advanced toward hatching; color grayish white, thinly spotted with reddish dots, confluent at the larger end.
| No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing | Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. 211 lg ad. | Near Fort Garland, Colo) May 30, 1873 | H. W. Henshaw..---. 2,53)| Xe153) || 0: 54: 0, 62 226 '9 AGL, |[osoaos 6 cima Somco occa! tlie: ESh yey aeeaas Glo) Ganotosdocse> 2.48 | 1.48 | 0.58 0.58 | |
SITTA PYGMAA, Vig. California Nuthatch.
Sitta pygmwa, Vicors, Zodl. Beechey’s Voy., 1839, 25, pl. iv—Woopmt., Sitgreave’s Exp. Zuni & Col. Riv., 1854, 66.—Nrws., P. R. R. Rep., vi, 1857, 79.—Bp., Ives’ Col. Exped., 1857-58, pt.iv, 6.—Jd., Birds N. A., 1858, 378.—KENNERLY, P. R. R. Rep., Whipple’s Route, 1859, 26—HEnry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico).—Coopr. & SuCKL., P. RK. R. Rep., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 193.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 88.—CourEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 78 (Fort Whipple)—Cooprr, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 74 (Montana).—Zd., Birds Cal., i, 1870, 55.—Coukrs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 83, f. 27.— AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., 1872, 195.—YARRow, Rep. Orn. Spees., #871, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 34 Yarrow & HENSHAW. Rep. Orn. Specs., 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 8.—Bp., BREw., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 120, pl. viii, f. 11, app. 502.—CovuEs, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., Birds Northwest, 1874, 25.
Sitta pusilla var. pygmaa, ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1872, 174 (mountains of Colorado)—HENSHAW, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874.—Jd., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 40.—Id., Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 73, 100.
176 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
This diminutive species has been found abundant at all seasons in every section visited by the survey. In summer, it is rather exclusively pinicoline, ranging upward to the variable pine limit. I have found it as numerous at 10,000 feet as at lower altitudes. In 1873, by June 12, in Southern Colorado, I noticed the old birds flying about the high pine stubs, with food in their bills for the young. In the pines of Mount Graham, Arizona, during the first days of August, young and old were common; the former still dependent wpon the care of the parent birds. I have, therefore, no doubt that two broods are reared in a season. ‘Their habits are eminently social, even during the breeding season; it not being unusual to find several associated with the Titmice and Warblers, the whole band apparently being on the best of terms with each other. As fall approaches these little bands are augmented continually till their number often reaches the hundreds, and the trees seem fairly alive with the merry party, while the loud, querulous weet weet of the Nuthatches, which is constantly repeated as they move along the branches, or fly from tree to tree, is always conspicu- ous among the softer notes of the Warblers and other species. At this sea- son, it descends from the pine region, and is often seen in the groves of
evergreen oaks.
No. | Sex. | Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. | | ae aE) ad. | Arizona ....... ------ Nov:..14;°1870'| Bs Bischof. cs0s-s=e| esos e eles eee eee Ree See yecte eae on dOxsccawneees Sas sence OOjensaocle Sees GOysscssccceeces| seni cc ects one eee eee \ocee + oman eee = Ohare ree = amt OVS es | eee OY eset ateeoce bebses) esas lis ces: sane we | 244 |g ad.| Mountains near Fort | June 4, 1873 | H. W. Henshaw...... 2.44 | 1.58 | 0.56 0, 60 Garland, Colo. | 283 |9 ad. |-..... dO!tc2 3 o222)s-20], UNE» 10,1973) |2.2 25 doles. ae aeeeeee 2.52 | 1.57 | 0.54 0. 54 | 486 }Qjun.| Inscription Rock, N. | July 24, 1873 |..---- COU 2: See sete 2.55 | 1.55 | 0.55 0.57 Mex. 988 | 2 Mountainsat thesource | Nov. 5, 1873 |.----- Ove soak ee asda as | 2nO2 i Kogan iOnyy 0, 63 | of Gila River. | 84 |g ad. | Willow Spring, Ariz...| July 12, 1874 |..---- doescemseeeees 2.62 | 1.53 | 0.50] 0.58 Fo eon ees Mount Graham, Ariz..| Sept. 21, 1874 |..---. dokisss<2e-cae 2.58 | 1.55 | 0.53 | 0.60 | 783 oy | Be do. sche soos | eee dos sees Je Mi Rutter soeate see 2.45 | 1.55 | 0.55 0. 58 | 72) SSBB BRE See 0 shea tes ee Sept. 22, 1874 | H. W. Henshaw...... 2.50 | 1.54 | 0 50,0. 58 fot | ee ae ae CO} a0 5 ca aoe wall een eee Dr. J. T. Rothrock....| 2.47 1.47 | 0.55 0.58 325 |g jun. | Huerfano River, N.Mex| Oct. 7, 1874] C. E. Aiken.......... 2.60 | 1.56 | 0.54 0. 60 1025 ie Camp Apache, Ariz....| Nov. —, 1874 H. W. Henshaw...-.. 2.50 | 1.45 | 0.55 0. 59 |
PASSERES—CERTHIIDAE—C. FAMILIARIS VAR. AMERICANA. 177
Fam. CERTHIIDA: CREEPERS. CERTHIA FAMILIARIS, L., var. AMERICANA, Bon.
Brown Creeper.
Certhia americana, BONAP., Comp. List, 1838.—NEwB., P. R. R. Rep., vi, 1857, 79.— Bp., Birds N. A., 1858, 372, pl. 83, f. 2—HkrErRm., P. R. R. Rep., x, pt. iv, 1859, 40.—KENNERLY, P. R. R. Rep., Whipple’s Route, 1859, 26.—HEnry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico).—Coop. & Suckt., P. R. R. Rep., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 192.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 89.—CouEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1866, 79.—Snow, Birds Kan., 1872, 9.
Certhia familiaris, L.— WOODHOUSE, Sitgreave’s Exp. Zuni & Col. Riv., 1854, 66.— CouEs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 84, f. 28.—Bp., BrEew., & Rina., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 125, pl. viii, f. 11—CovuEs, U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., Birds Northwest, 1874, 26.
Certhia familiaris var. americana, HENSHAW, An. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874, 3.—Id., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 41.—Id., Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 73.
Certhia mexicana, BD., Birds N. A., 1858, 923, pl. 83, f. 2,—CooPER, Am, Nat., iii, 1869, 74.—Id., Birds Cal., 1870, 58.
This Creeper has a very general distribution, and in the West is found in about the same degree of abundance as in the Eastern States. It was of rather frequent occurrence in the pine regions of Southern Colorado in June, and was evidently breeding. On several occasions, I noticed the species at Mount Graham, Ariz., and, as late as August 3, found the young still in the first plumage, and, though able to feed and care for themselves, still accompanied by their parents. It has here the same thin, wiry, long drawn note which characterizes it elsewhere, and it is this which most often betrays its presence; for so close does it keep to the trunks of the trees, over which it appears to glide, and so perfectly do its colors harmonize with the tints of the rough bark, that, even when made aware of its actual presence, it is often no easy task to discover its exact whereabouts. Though usually unsuspi- cious, and pursuing its avocation with perfect unconcern in spite of the looker on, its disposition in this respect varies much; both in the East and West, it will occasionally manifest alarm, and, by hiding and dodging behind the limbs, endeavor to escape observation ; in this particular resem-
bling many of the woodpeckers. 122
178 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
The Mexican Creeper (var. mexicana) has not yet been detected within our borders, though its occurrence in the Southern Rocky Mountains. has been thought probable.
| No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wi ing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. : | : 227 |g ad. | NearFort Garland, Colo} June 3, 1873 | H. W. Henshaw..-.-.. 2.59 | 2.14 | 0. 69 0.55 670 | g | CampApache, Ariz....| Sept. 1, 1873 |.----. dom aaeeees es 2.63 | 2.80 | 0.64 0. 60 281 Jun. | Mount Graham, Ariz ..| Aug. 3, 1874 |-.----.- (Goya ee | Os te! | 2.65 | 0.53 0.57 280 ke FG | Soeeely COIR cose sansa Sea| SeSee GG) apeinne|fbscsae Gly o--sseeeesh&-|| 2 56 | | 2.32 | 0.63 0. 57
Fam. TROGLODYTIDA): Wrens
CAMPYLORHYNCHUS BRUNNEICAPILLUS, Lafr. Cactus Wren.
Picolaptes brunneicapillus, LAFRESNAYE, Mag. de Zo6l., 1835, 61, pl. xlvii.
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus, BD., Birds N. A., 1858, 355.—Id., U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, Birds, 13.—H&EERM., P. R. BR. Rep., x, pt. ii, 1859, 41.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 99.—CouvzEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 77 (valleys of the Gilaand Lower Colorado).—ZJd., ib., 1868, 83.—COOPER, Birds Cal., i, 1870, 61.—CouEs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872 85. _Bp., BREw., & Ring., N. a Birds, 1874, i, 152, pl. viii, f. 5.—Y ARROW, Rep. nn Specs., 1871, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 34.—Yarrow & HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 9—HENSHAW, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874, 3.—Id., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 41.— Id., Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 100.
A single individual of this species was captured a few miles north of Saint George, Utah, in October; two others being seen at the same time. It is believed that this is the most northern locality in which this bird has been taken.
In the region south of the Gila River in Arizona, and also in South- western New Mexico, this wren is very abundant. Its name is suggestive of its habits; for the broad plains, covered with the various species of cacti, constitute its chosen home, and the neighborhood of these plants forms its hunting ground, while among the branches are seen on every side their
curious, bulky, pouch shaped nests. They are also fond of the dense shrub-
PASSERES—TROGLODYTIDAE—SALPINCTES OBSOLETUS. 179
bery; and, in the fall, the thickets bordering the streams are frequently resorted to by them. Their loud, harsh notes and active, sprightly motions are always sure to attract the attention of even the casual observer. Though somewhat inquisitive, they are less so than most of this family, and, when they find themselves observed, skulk away into the shelter of the brush or behind the rocks. They go in small companies, or what would
appear to be families; and, very likely, the relationship is really thus
intimate, the broods remaining intact and not scattering, as is usually the
case.
No. | Sex Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus.
eee Ads |) INevadal-s co.--- aaeac Aug. 14, 1871 | F. Bischoff ....--.----|------|------|------|+-------
369 2 Saint George, Utah -..| Oct. 27, 1872] Dr. H. C. Yarrow ANG! lose ccelleceeca|looeean||edoorsee H. W. Henshaw.
Base s|enseee Gila River, Ariz ..---.| Sept. 15, 1873 | H. W. Henshaw..----] 3.17 | 2.97 | 0.90 I, 20 302 |g ad. | Camp Bowie, Ariz ....| Aug. 7, 1874 |.----- doleseneeaeees= 3-53 | 3-40 | 0.95 I, 12 374 |@ ad. |.--.-- dot eeeees nace Aug. 12, 1874 |.----- Gl) Saag ScpoEbe oe 3.15 | 3-15 | 0.92 1.08 SUS et Bisel besece do Boa) Pecor Glo) Sa6ace|lose6ce GO)\ssnesoscecuss 3.14 | 3-37 | 0.85 I. 10 395 |Qjun. |.----. G(s) So Seeearonerc||sesos domaeaes (pase GI) 26 SoncsnoSese 3.23 | 3.22 | 0.74 1.08 396 | ad.|.----. doe se eee PAN On ans eT 74) | eta Glo} ce senoesesede 3.47 | 3-47 | 0.94 1.15 609 | fjun.| Camp Lowell, Ariz....| Sept. 6, 1874 ].----- Gls) sacs tSO5S6 Be 3.00 | 2.45 | 0.73 I, 04 Gs igeadnl|taanse Gl)ceeicreecsesal asqog Gli) co eeide|Saoteal) osscnaacotene 3.64 | 3.35 | 9.90 1.15 tesa ery be hemes Gl eeesousboaecu Sepf. 13), 1874! |/------ Glo oe oSeciGape 3.42 | 3.50 | 0.80 Teed oir |Qjun.| Gila River, Ariz .-.--- Octasis74lleeene = dopeew ees ete. 3.16 | 3.08 | 0.81 1.06 g12 |Qjun.| ----- do Secosser||fonu] G16) peel fsnceaa do 3. 36 | 3.31 | 0.80 1.15
SALPINCTES OBSOLETUS (Say).
Rock Wren.
Troglodytes obsoletus, Say, Long’s Exped., ii, 1523, 4 (South Fork of the Platte).—
Woonu., Sitgreave’s Exp. Zuni & Col. Riv., 1854, 66.—NEwB., P. k. R. Rep., xi, 1857, 80.— HEERM., P. R. R. Rep., x, pt. iv, 1859, 41.
Salpinctes obsoletus, BD., lves’ Col. Exped., 1857-58, pt. iv, 6.—Id., Birds N, A., 1858, 357.—
Id., U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, Birds, 13.—Id., Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, Cal.)—Hrnry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico).—Hayp., Trans. Am. Phil. Soe., xii, 1862, 163.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 110.—CovEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 77 (Fort Whipple).—Id., ib., 1868, 83.—CooPER, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 297 (Upper Missouri); 73 (breeding at Fort Benton).—Id., Proce. Cal. Acad., 1870, 75 (Colorado River).—Id., Birds Cal., 1570, 64.—STEV.,
180 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1870, 464—ALLEN, Bul. Mus. Comp. ZoGl., 1872, 174 (mountains of Colorado; Ogden, Utah).—Covugs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 85.—HOoLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xv, 1872, 195 (Black Hills)— MERRIAM, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872, 673.—Bp., Brew., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 135, pl. vili, fig. 3—HENsuAw, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874, 3.—Jd., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 41.— Yarrow & HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Specs., 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 8.— HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Specs., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 100.—ALLEN, Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., June, 1874, 20.—Cours, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., Birds Northwest, 1874, 27.
This wren is an abundant inhabitant of the central mountainous region generally, and has been found by our parties to be common in nearly every section visited in Eastern Nevada, Utah (especially the more southern por- tion), Arizona, and New Mexico. In Colorado, it was found by Mr. Aiken, who procured a number of specimens. It everywhere shows a most marked predilection for rocky localities, and the confused masses of volcanic débris in the wildest and most desolate regions appear to be especially congenial to its nature. It occasionally, however, courts rather than shuns the pres- ence of man; and, at Toquerville, Utah, I often heard the sound of its bright, cheery notes coming from the stone walls which inclose the gardens. In the vicinity of Santa F¢,it breeds abundantly, and here, too, frequents the neighborhood of gardens.
The young in nesting plumage were taken at Fort Wingate, N. Mex.
y D5 to) I cao] to) ? ] July 14. On the 28th, at Zuni, a nest was found containing four young nearly fledged. The nest proper was merely @ pile of grasses, slightly hollowed, and lined with horse hairs and bits of sheep's wool. This was placed in a natural cavity of a clayey bank. It was without doubt a second brood.
A second nest, obtained near Santa Fé, June 17, was placed on the bare ground beneath an overhanging rock. The nest was merely a mass of sticks, the interior nest being composed of strips of bark, and but slightly hollowed. It contained three young and one egg. ‘This was pure white, spotted, chiefly at the large end, with fine reddish-brown markings.
PASSERES—TROGLODYTIDAE—CATHERPES MEXICANUS. 181
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. 141 fe) Gunnison, Utah ...-... Sepia s lo7oimidte abl enshawsaseeels ees see cac|<aceeelccaheces 285 | Q | Toquerville, Utah.....| Oct. 13, 1872]..---. Glo eto a tse ceo) |ccores ledesan| boseeal BeSSeees 288 F eames Glo See esaSecoe sete dove s-|s= en GO) aed asec cacy MOBene lane peel Meee amen aes 280)" GN. nasca- Gb occas sasoece| [sas Cl) ssote||so5se6 Che) arse so68 Saco) |sceece| obced| doeeed : 290) || (GY. lke oats Glo) GeeEeb erases seace GQ) sbesce |beosce CO) scédensadcend |Gasenclé assed secone Geceeeee pty || (2° |beesns G6) pans on catoses|oncbe Gle) S2ce28||soa5es do = 530) |teaeee 299 olnallee aetops G0) espa coceHeses| beoae doje es=|es—--5 do B00) || Se Paso. G3) sacs Sobeod Hed|aase dojeeee==| sen eer do 305 Ou | |eeceee dOVocentscenececelles-ei- doietace=||es- see dovsemeececisosetaacee Sessselcasces|scoeece Pott Gh Ilesoese dow usdee ere: Oct 145 41872)\22522- Ce) = See bese ad Saco boeee esos ae eee 311 (oH ese Op eee eee Oct 101572, DrehiGe Varrowrand! |s-seo-| noone smen| Ss ene eee H. W. Henshaw. B12 i) «Ol shoes (9) an Se gioecian ae||aoaes bye accel lcedaoe Ole ee aesoe aod) del boraca| bosees|seoso5| lcosacaoe SSM Sy lhe sces Oi seis hee see Octieet 7p 0872) memes GaSe Soeig gene ie Meacical eceee| RaesSa saseeeSt BIOn out escees Ce) senotosoasace||s=ote {9 soe scel|scoccn COs eeicsssoho5se Kona eedse4|4soecalloaseecoe 320i\ danse Gl) co coeeosapds-|lesse EW getses||ocoses Gb) posse psecou||sooceol assecc|locaeod|selseceec INU) Veercicrs 2 (Cranium, alcoholic). ..| ——, 1873) |ese= se CULES ale Bae Seal Re taacl etek oleae weal [ois AS Bae Sul esaeen nce ees donee dardees cases % TS734 Eee dole Sees ee seu ecmeee tooo tal ee eee ee ee 17 |g ad. | Santa Fé, N. Mex.--.-| June 17, 1874 | H. W. Henshaw .. ..-. 2.77 | 2.23 | 0. 78 0. 85 ZAG llores Sangre de Cristo, Colo.| Aug. 10, 1874 C. E. Aiken.......... 2.91 | 2.42 | 0,80 0. 73 367 | Jun. | Camp Bowie, Ariz ....] Aug. 11, 1874 Dr. J. T. Rothrock....] 2.74 | 2.25 | 0.68 0. 83 Sy/e) || chitin SsencaCOaecoocsssness Aug. 12, 1874 | H. W. Henshaw..-.--. 2.94 | 2.38 | 0. 70 0. 81 2R2n nase x Tierra Amarilla, N. Mex| Sept. 15, 1874 | C. E. Aiken ......-... 2.85 | 2.30 | 0. 72 0. 82 288))) “g)||' Pagosa; Colo.--=----- Sept. 19, 1874 |..---- dose se eseeeete aa 2.65 | 2.20 | 0.70 0. 81
~ CATHERPES MEXICANUS (Swains.), var. CONSPERSUS, Ridg. White-throated Rock Wren.
Catherpes mexicanus var. conspersus, RiDG., Am. Nat., vii, 1872, 2.—Bp., BREw., & Ring., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 439, pl. viii, f. 4 -YARRow & HEnsHAw, Rep. Orn. Specs., 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 9.—HrnsHaw, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874, 3.—Jd., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Whecler’s Exped., 1874, 41.—Id., Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheelex’s Exped., 1874, 101.
Troglodytes mexicanus, CASs., Birds Cal. & Tex., 1854, 173, pl. 30.
Catherpes mexicanus, BD., Birds N. A., 1858, 356.—Id., Rev. Am. Birds, 1864, 111.— XANTUS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 197.—Covuzs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 77W—CoopEr, Birds Cal., i, 1870, 66—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1872, 175 (near Colorado City).—Couks, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 85.—AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1872, 196 (Middle Colorado).
Much has recently been added to our knowledge of the range of this species. By our parties it has been met with in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona. In Utah, I only detected it in the extreme southern portion of the Territory, and supposed this to be about its northern limit. In Colorado, however, it extends several degrees farther north, and was met
182 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
with near Fountain by Mr. Aiken in winter. It would thus appear that wherever found it is resident. Throughout Eastern Arizona and Western New Mexico, I have seen these wrens on many occasions, and in so many and widely separated localities, that it may be said to occur everywhere where the localities are favorable to its habits. These, in general, are quite similar to those of the preceding, and I have, indeed, seen both species together. The present bird is, however, by no means as common as the Rock Wren; nor do they associate together, as is the usual custom of that bird, but, on the contrary, are usually found alone in the solitude of the deep canons and along the sides of rocky glens. _ Here they appear perfectly at home, and their motions are graceful and active as they glide among the interstices of the rocks, searching each nook and corner for insects. They are quite shy, much more so than the preceding species, and, unlike it, their curiosity seldom keeps them in the vicinity of man; but, on the contrary, having discovered the presence of an intruder, they manifest their alarm by a few harsh, scolding notes, and then, with singular adroitness, conceal themselves behind the rocks, when it needs a most careful search to again discover them in their hiding places. They are wont to be quite noisy, and their wild, ringing notes are often heard coming from the inaccessible rocky heights when the birds themselves remain invisible.
During the breeding season, its song is loud, clear, and melodious, and, once heard, is never to be mistaken for that of any other bird. It consists of a series of loud, discontinuous whistles, which, beginning at a high note,
descend smoothly and gradually through the entire scale.
l | l l No. | Sex. Locality. Date. - Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus | 284 |@ ad. | Toquerville, Utah. .... Ock.. 2135/1872). We blenshawee sa. eleaeese see lsoeoen eee Bode | 304 | ad. |...... doi=s-—- Ap tbesse Octimis, 1972) eo seee OI SEE SESSA BES ee ee eee [=o 330 iy eee. 2 (lee am Be eee oe Oct. 20, 1872) Dr. H. C. Yarrow and |...--- See eso peek H. W. Henshaw. 660ii|,0<s=6 Camp Apache, Ariz....| Sept. 11, 1873 | H. W. Henshaw...... 2. 40 | 2 45 | 0.76 | o 73 EON | nararss Mountains near Gila | Nov. 5, 1873 | deweies O0)> Bes. cee ee 2.29 | 2.32 | 0. 75 0, 70 River, N. Mex. |
DOR ees s cal tect RE el Bee does | eee Uther e 2.25 | 2.07 | 0.75 0. 72
OD | hoe na Black River, Ariz .....| Oct. 7, 1874].----- [a fo eam ey ae 2 |e S | o. 78 0. 69
|} 1061 | gf ? | Camp Apache, Ariz....| Oct. 21, 1874]|.---.. (i (oe prey eis] Wee iris EE Ee 0. 72
PASSERES—TROGLODYTIDAE—THRYOTHORUS BEWICKI. 183
, THRYOTHORUS BEWICKI (Aud.), var. LEUCOGASTER, Baird. White-bellied Wren. PLATE I, Fia. 1.
Thryothorus bewickii var. leucogaster, BD., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 127 (not of Gould).— Cougs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 86.—Bp., Brew., & RipG., N. A. Birds, i, ‘1874, 147.—Yarrow & HensuAw, Rep. Orn. Specs., 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 9.—HENsHAW, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874, 3.—Jd., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 41.—Jd., Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheelei’s Exped., 1874, 101.—CovEs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 31.
Thryothorus bewickii, XANTUS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191.—CovEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 78 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.).
Nots.—The Troglodytes leucogastra of Gould, supposed by Baird to be this bird, has been shown to be entirely different. But as Gould’s bird falls in a different genus, Baird’s name leucogaster, of 1864, may be accepted for this variety. See Ibis, 1875, p.—.
This wren was found to be of rather common occurrence in Southern Arizona, and to be generally, though rather sparingly, distributed throughout Eastern Arizona from Camp Apache southward. It, without doubt, occurs similarly in New Mexico. I know of nothing in its habits which peculiarly distinguishes it from its eastern relative. It seems to prefer the thickets and clumps of bushes on the open hill sides, where it spends much of its time on the ground searching for food among the roots. Besides possessing the usual variety of quaint, sputtering, wren-like notes, it has also a very pretty song, which I have heard only once or twice. This was a short warbling lay, much varied with low sweet trills, and occasionally interspersed with a hoarse scolding note.
No, | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.} Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. 259 | ad. | Iron City, Utah....--.| Oct. 6, 1872 | H. W. Henshaw..-.-.|------| -----|------]-------- 328 | ¢g | Toquerville, Utah..... Oct. 20, 1872| Dr. H.C. Yarrow and |.----.].----.]------]--------
H. W. Henshaw. 356] oO Washington, Utah ..-.| Oct. 23, 1872 | H. W. Henshaw..--.-.|.-----|------|---+--l--------
590 | ¢& | Camp Apache, Ariz....| Aug. 21, 1873 |.----- (Glo) cececcapsssce GANS || ent | oe aot 0. 80 Gool | arcyanl|esse=- GO aestozece As sa|| GN ORBAN lee Bene GWyscEecaSeSpece 2.25 | 2.35 | 0.58 0. 73 750| 6 Southern Arizona .....| Sept. 11, 1873 |------ Owen ees iteiaa 2.33 | 2.40 | 0.55 0, 63 158 |Qjun. | NearCamp Apache, Ariz] July 19, 1874 |.----- Gliesse6 Sec sad deecee||>oesenl boteso| Hosaccee 159 |djun.|.----. doyeees nace yaeSailleae.: owe ser a| sence fbi Smad paseo see Seae=4|lseaseal losses lsscnrsass 172 |$jun.|.---.. Glo) cada S been eace July 20, 1874].----- (lS) sadSseces cacellSesss 4] ASSS54| SS Dees) Rebeessa| 323 |d jun. |------ Opava oe eae es Aug. 8, 1874 |-.---- dom ataeeee aes |e laeaiele eaeee Score 497 |Qjun. | Camp Crittenden, Ariz.| Aug. 24, 1874 |..---- does Sreuccoes 2.25 | 2.41 | 0.53 0. 73 | 1344 | Ad. | Southern Arizona .....| Oct. —, 1874] -.--- COpeseanc meee 2.12 | 2.44 | 0.54 0. 71 g60 | gjun.| Gila River, Ariz ..-.-. Octwa a 1S74) nc Cle Sapa eoeees 2.12 | 2.40 | 0.55 0. 70 975 |¢ ad. | Camp Apache, Ariz ...} Oct. 9, 1874 ].----- GO es Cod cdeiscel) Gaeta Keon MOL 0.75
184 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
TROGLODYTES ABEDON, Vieill., var. PARKMANNI, Aud.
Parkmann’s Wren.
Troglodytes parkmanni, AUD., Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 310.—BD., Ives’ Col. Exped., 1857, pt. iv, 6—Bp., Birds N. A., 1858, 867—Xantus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, Cal.).—Bp., U. 8S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, Birds, 13.—Coopr. & SucKu., P. R. R. Rep., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 191.— Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 140.—Covgs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 78 (Fort Whipple)—Cooprr, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1870, 75.—Id., Birds Cal., 1870, 71—Srev., U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1870, 464.—AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1872, 196—MeErriam, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872, 673.— HaAyp., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., xii, 1862, 164.
Troglodytes aédon var. parkmanni, Cours, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 87.—BDp., BrEw., & Ring., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 153—HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Specs., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 57, 74, 101—YArrow & HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 8 —-HrnsHaAw, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874, 3.—Id., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 41.— ALLEN; Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., June, 1874, 17, 20.—CovuEs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 32.
Troglodytes americanus, HEERM., P. R. R. Rep., x, pt. iv, 1859, 41.
Troglodytes aédon?, HEERM., P. R. R. Rep., x, pt. iv, 1859, 41.—ALLEN, Bul. Mus, Comp. ZoéL, 1872, 174 (Eastern and Middle Kansas; mountains of Colorado).
This, the representative in the West of the well known House Wren, is everywhere the most abundant of its tribe, retaining wherever found all the well known habits and odd mixture of notes of its eastern analogue. In the vicinity of settlements, it shows much familiarity, building freely in the barns and outbuildings. It is, however, by no means confined to pop- ulated districts, but inhabits the dense thickets of the streams, and extends upward in the mountains to an altitude of 10,000 feet, inhabiting the pine woods.
In Colorado, I found a pair building May 23. Nearly a month later, a nest was obtained, built in a small stub. The hole was nearly filled up with a mass of twigs, in the center of which was left a deep cavity, lined with sheeps’ wool and feathers. It contained but a single egg. This was white, covered with fine reddish-brown spots.
PASSERES—TROGLODYTIDAE—CISTOTHORUS STELLARIS. 185
No. | Sex. Locality. .| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. 103 |Qjun. | Wahsatch Mts., Utah..| Aug. 17, 1872 | H. W. Henshaw..----|------]------|----+-|--++---- 164 |g ad. | Otter Creek, Utah ....| Sept. 14, 1872 |..---. do-..-.-.------|------]------|------|---+---- 82 |g ad. | Denver, Colo.......... 1.97 | 0.50 0, 68 Te2i uaa |e a= dOrenaigssoc cca 2.02 | 0.54 0. 63 68 | g ad. | South Park, Colo...-.. June 27, 1873] Dr. J. T. Rothrock....| 2.06 | 1.90 | 0.54 0. 72 10 | Jun. | Pueblo, Colo ......--.. July 4, 1874) C. E. Aiken.-.-...... 2.03 | 1.92 | 0.50 0. 72 773 \| Weve || Aceon do Si-sssecie-ec| JULY. 25, 1874)|-----. Gb)e osseeeosoca5 2.00 | 1.88 | 0.45 0. 70 82 |9 ad. | Willow Spring, Ariz...| July 26, 1874] H. W. Henshaw...-.-- 1..87 | 1.78 | 0. 48 0. 65 129 |g ad. | Fort Garland, Colo....| Aug. 11, 1874] C. E. Aiken .......--- 2.23 | 2.05 | 0.48 0. 72 286 | # ad. | Pagosa, Colo ......-.- Sept. 19, 1874 ].----- dojseacs-co-s=0 2.08 | 1.98 | 0.50 0. 67 FOTW | seen Mount Graham, Ariz..| Sept. 22, 1874 | H. W. Henshaw...... 2.05 | 1.77 | 0.54 0, 68 BOI |so nse Rio Grande, Colo - ..-- Sept. 26, 1874 | C. E. Aiken ..-.....-- 1,98 | 1.80 | 0.47 0. 68
CISTOTHORUS STELLARIS (Licht.) Short-billed Marsh Wren.
Troglodytes stellaris, L1CHY.—NAUMANN, Vogel Deutschlands, iii, 1823, 724 (Caro- lina).
Cistothorus stellaris, BD., Birds N. A., 1858, 365.—HaAyp., Trans. Am. Phil. Soe., xii, 1862, 163 (Council Bluffs and Big Sioux River).—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 146.—Snow, Birds Kan., 1872, 9.—CouEs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 88.—Bp., Brew., & Rina., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 159, pl. ix, f. 7—YARROW & HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 9.— HENSHAW, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874, 3—Id., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 41.—Covurs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 36.
Troglodytes brevirostris, NuTT., Man. i, 1832, 436.
The most western locality hitherto recorded for this species is the Loup Fork of the Platte, where it was taken by Lieutenant Warren’s expedition.
While at Provo, Utah, we received undoubted evidence of its existence in the marshes of the river, where it lived in company with the proceeds —Succesctiny / species. Although no individuals were actually captured, the nests and / eggs were seen which had been secured in this locality.
CISTOTHORUS PALUSTRIS, Wils., var. PALUDICOLA, Bd. Western Long-billed Marsh Wren.
Cistothorus palustris var. paludicola, BD., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 148.—Bp., BREw., & Rine., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 161—Yarrow & HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Specs., 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 9.—HENSHAW, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N: Mi; x1; 1874, 3.—Id., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 41.
186 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
Telmatodytes palustris var. paludicola, HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Specs., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 74, 101.
Troglodytes ‘palustris, News., P. R. R. Rep., xi, 1857, 80—Hrrrm., P. R. R. Rep., x, pt. iv, 1859, 41. ;
Cistothorus palustris, XANTUS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, Cal.).—Coor. & Suckt., P. R. R. Rep., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 190.—Hayp., Trans. Am. Phil. Soe., xii, 1862, 163.—Coumrs, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1566, 78 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.)—Coorer, Birds Cal., 1870, 75.—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZoGl., 1872, 175 (Ogden, Utah).—Snow, Birds Kan., 1872, 9.— AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xv, 1872, 196—MERRIAM, U. 8S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872, 673.
Cistothorus (Telmatodytes) palustris, Bp., Birds N. A., 1858, 364.
‘elmatodytes palustris, COUES, Birds Northwest, 1874, 34.—HENRyY, Proc. Acad. Nat.-
Sci. Phila., 1859, 107 (New Mexico).
In the extensive marshes which border Utah Lake, and which are cov- ered with a dense growth of coarse grasses and reeds, these wrens were exceedingly numerous; and, in breaking a path through the reeds, which often are so dense as to render progress well nigh impossible, hundreds of these little birds were startled up from their retreats, while their harsh notes were heard on all sides in angry expostulation. Almost as numerous as the birds themselves were their nests, which were seen_on all sides, suspended on the tall, waving stems. In Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico, each and every marshy spot suited to its habits is sure to have at least a pair of these birds. They are quite irregular in their time of nesting, but near the middle of June appears to be the usual time ; and I found them in Southern Colorado at this date just depositing their first eggs.
| No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. | : 83 |Q ad.| Provo, Utah.......... July: 25,7572 |Dr. HG) Yarrow ands |sce—s | coer as ean | seer H. W. Henshaw. Sawa lige ade sane dO eee na =o bly RO nn O 72) eee Oana eee ea ea eee ee 208 é Rush Lake, Utah ..... Oct. ).2;, 7872! EW Hensliawy occ —olecoecs|>- eee aoe see aaa 209 | ee Rec dosnt a. caste come do. Sane WO) a aha cain ape oS cial care acetal oe oe a er Se 306 9 Toquerville, Utah..... Och, sik, 1S 72i|2en es DOT eaves = | eee | es Se eee Cee 167 | ad.| Alkali Lakes, Colo ....| May 28, 1873].-.---- OGic coceups ce. top 2.08 | 1.94 | 0.50 0. 66 7S Ay Adel ons 3 (MO occ ae. ee | DV eal) 7 ee dO oe fais wea om |) 2,004 2000) lo oeeen 0. 67 Perea Arath)| ens. dO 2.2228 ee June 4, 1873].----. ie yt SN as Se | 2.04 | 1.95 | 0.51 0. 66 3 Sal ad. | Lake Piedra, N. Mex..| Sept. 13, 1874 C. E. Aiken .......--.. 2.03 | 1.92 | 0, 50 0. 73 |
PASSERES—MOTACILLIDAE—ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUS. 187
Fam. MOTACILLIDAE: WaGrTats.
ANTHUS LUDOVICIANUS (Gm.). Vitlark.
Alauda ludoviciana, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 793. Anthus ludovicianus, Bp., U. S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1854, Birds, 10.—Id.,
The
Ives’ Col. Exped., 1857-58, pt. iv, 5—Id., Birds N. A., 1858, 232.—X ANTUS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 190 (Fort Tejon, Cal.).— HEERM., P. R. R. Rep., x, pt. iv, 1859, 45.—HEnRy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1839, 107 (New Mexico).—Coopr. & Sucku., P. R. R. Rep., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 176.— Hayp., Trans. Am. Phil. Soe., xii, 1862, 159.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 153.—CovuEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 67 (Fort Whipple, winter).— Id., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 82—CoopEr, Proc. Cal. Acad., 1870, 75.—Id., Birds Cal., i, 1870, 78.—Srrv., U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1870, 463.—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1872, 175 (mountains of Colorado; Wahsatch Mountains).—SNow, Birds Kan., 1872, 7.—CouxEs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 40.—MERRIAM, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872, 674 (Snake River).— AIKEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1872, 196 (breeding in mountains of Colorado).—YARRowW & HeEnsHaw, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 10.—HENSHAW, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874, 3.—Zd., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 41.—ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., June, 1874, 20.—Covuxs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 40.
Titlark has been met with by our parties only as a late summer
and fall migrant, as which it occurs generally throughout the West. ‘The discovery of the young by Mr. J. A. Allen, in the mountains of Colorado, at an age scarcely able to fly, proves the fact of its breeding in the locality. In its course southward, it reaches Arizona early in October; and, though I have never seen it abundant, or in large flocks, its distribution appears quite general, a few being met with here and there in very much the same situa- tions as the birds affect at this season in the East, especially among the stubble and weeds of the plowed lands.
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus.
211 |Qjun. | Rush Lake, Utah.....] Oct. 2, 1872 | H. W. Henshaw..-.-.].-----|------|------|--------
S545) (enc Washington, Utah -...| Oct. 23, 1872] Dr. H. C. Yarrow and |..---.|------|------|-------- H. W. Henshaw.
IN) |e se (Alcohol) easasen eee —— —, 1872]...-.. Ge se aese cab S60 leosead | taboee| peeoos| |bepedorce
188 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
Fam. SYLVICOLIDAE: WARBLERS.
HELMINTHOPHAGA RUFICAPILLA (Wils.). Nashville Warbler.
Sylvia ruficapilla, WILS., Am. Orn., iii, 1811, 120, pl. xxvii, fig. 3.
Helminthophaga ruficapilla, BD., Birds N. A., 1858, 256.—Xanvus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, Cal.).—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 175.—Coorer, Birds Cal., i, 1870, 82 (Sierra Nevada, near Lake Tahoe, Gruber, 1873).—SNow, Birds Kan., 1872, 7— ALLEN, Bul. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1872, 175 (Eastern Kansas, May; Ogden, Utah; Wahsatch Mountains).— Cours, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 94.—Bp., BrEw., & Rina., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 196, pl. xi, f. 7.— HENSHAW, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi., 1874, 3.— Id., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 41.—Couus, Birds Northwest, 1874, 50.
This species, though detected at several points west of the Rocky Mountains, seems to be quite rare. It was never seen by us in Utah, where, however, Mr. Allen considered it quite common in the neighborhood of Ogden in September. In California, it was taken during the summer in numbers in the Sierra Nevada near Lake Tahoe. In Arizona, I do not think it occurs, save as a migrant. About Camp Crittenden, in the extreme south- ern portion of the Territory, it was quite common during the last few days of August and the first of September. They appeared to keep constantly in the low trees and bushes, and were very active in their pursuit of insects.
Specimens collected from this locality show some slight peculiarities of coloration in the restriction of the yellow of the throat and the more decided ashy tinge of the sides of the head.
a
| No. | Sex. | Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. peas |
507) |poenio Camp Crittenden, Ariz.| Aug. 27, 1874 | H. W. Henshaw......] 2.23 | 1.82 | 0.40 0. 65
BYGW ane | sano ac disease seteres leeaers don eee eens dO! saensitn cies aa] 2740rl) te Q2nleoemee 0. 65
§26 |9 ad. os W1O.e sauce cm Somes Augy 20) 1874)|2-5- dOneena se aeenon| 2047 | 2n03i | 0:36 0, 68
dO seece seer Septs 3; 1874)\|-oe-<- dOSeecan eee anen| 2227 en Oo nag 0. 65
596 ke ad. eae
PASSERES—SYLVICOLIDAE—HELMINTHOPHAGA VIRGINIAE. 189
HELMINTHOPHAGA VIRGINIAE, Ba. Virginia’s Warbler.
Helminthophaga virginia, BD., Birds N. A., 1860, p. xi, pl. 79, f. 1 (near Taos, N. M.).— Id., Rey. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 177.—Couss, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 70 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.)—CoopEr, Birds Cal., i, 1870, 85.—CouEs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 94.—A1kEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1872, 196—Couss, Birds Northwest, 1874, 51.—HENSHAW, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874, 3.—Id., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 41.
Mr. Ridgway appears to be the only one who has found this bird at all common. He found it so in the East Humboldt and Wahsatch Mount- ains, in both localities as a summer resident. In Arizona, I have met with it but once, and if it occurs in summer it must, I think, be quite rare, and only in the northern portion. Two specimens were secured in the White Mountains, August 11. The following interesting account is furnished by Mr. C. E. Aiken:
“Helminthophaga virginie, Bd.—Mountain Warbler.—This warbler is found very commonly in some parts of Colorado, both as a migrant and as a regular summer resident. At Pagosa I saw it several times in September, and once at Fort Garlandin August ; but it is most common along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains. It is strictly a bird of the mountains, though rarely found at a greater altitude than 7,500 feet, preferring rather the lowest foot hills; and, although sometimes so abundant in its favorite haunts as to outnumber all other warblers, it is frequently wholly overlooked by natur- alists because of its restricted range. During its migrations, this interesting little bird may be found among the cottonwoods and willows bordering the streams, and often also among the pines; but in summer it frequents only the low scrub oak brush on the hill sides. It exhibits at all times a good deal of shyness, hiding instantly on the approach of an intruder, or keeping at a very respectful distance while uttering its sharp alarm note.
“The male is very musical during the nesting season, uttering his sweet little ditty continually, as he skips through the bushes in search of his morning repast; or, having satisfied his appetite, he mounts to the top of some tree in the neighborhood, of his nest, and repeats at regular intervals a song of remarkable fullness for a bird of such minute proportions. The Lazuli
190 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
Finch frequents the same localities as the Mountain Warbler, and the notes of the two are so much alike that I have frequently found myself at a loss to distinguish between them. No bird with which I am acquainted conceals its nest more effectually than this warbler. This is placed at the base of a tussock of grass, among the oak bushes, being sunk in a hollow scratched in the earth, so that the rim of the nest is on a level with the surface. The overhanging grass of the tussock hides all so completely that the nest is only to be discovered by the most careful and persistent search. About the first of June, five white eggs, delicately speckled with reddish-brown, are laid.”
| No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.) Tail. | Bill. Tarsus. |
=| =
553 | @ | White Mts., Arizona...! Aug. 11, 1873| H. W. Henshaw....-. 2.03 | 1.93 | 0.42 0. 67 |
Sea eo. iene 60 epee eee eee 6M oa 5-}fesss-e do" === scoe)=--] 20K) |) 220080240 0. 65 | 227 |g ad.| Navajo Creek, Colo....| Sept. 11, 1874] C. E. Aiken ..:....--. 2.52 | 2.12 | 0.46 0. 68
CER pe eece| Se dG icaas emer enes wane a (ileeooe-||soso5= WW iach4--sgacco> 2.35 | 2.03 | 0.35 0. 68
253 | 9 ? | Tierra Amarilla, N.Mex| Sept. 15, 1874].----. dO\-casteees -22-| 2.46 sleigraliows | 0. 65 |
HELMINTHOPHAGA LUCIAE, Cooper.
Lucy’s Warbler. Helminthophaga lucie, COOPER, Proce. Cal. Acad., July, 1861, 120 (Fort Mojave, Ariz.).— Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1864, 178.—Covrs, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 70 (Fort Whipple, Ariz )—CoopEr, Birds Cal., i, 1870, 84.—Covrs, Am. Nat., vi, 1872, 493.—Id.,, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 94.-—-Bp., Brew., & Rine., N. A. Birds, 1875, i, 200, pl. xi, f. 9; app. 504 (Tucson, Ariz., nesting). I can add nothing to increase our somewhat slender stock of knowledge of the habits of this recently discovered species. Dr. Cooper discovered and found the species quite common at Fort Mojave, Ariz , in the western part of the Territory; and, since then, it has been met with by Dr. Coues at Fort Whipple y ? ] ’ yy } I ? and by Captain Bendire near Tucson, where it was nesting. Though fully expecting to meet with the species, I did not detect it, either in New Mexico or in Arizona, till the last season, when I took a single specimen at Camp Lowell, near where it had been noted by Captain Bendire. Dr. Coues, in speaking of the species, has compared its actions and notes to those of the Gnatcatchers, and quite aptly, judging from the one individual seen by me. Indeed, on first hearing its wiry fsip as it glanced rapidly through the low
PASSERES—SYLVICOLIDAE—HELMINTHOPHAGA CELATA. 191]
inesquite trees, I scarcely noticed it, passing it by as a veritable Gnat- catcher; but, its different form attracting my notice, I identified it immediately.
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. | Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus.
681 |g ad. | Camp Lowell, Ariz...) Sept. 11, 14 H. W. Henshaw..-.-.-- 257m lene 0. 37 | 0.59
HELMINTHOPHAGA CELATA, Say. Orange-crowned Warbler.
Sylvia celata, SAY, Long’s Exped., i, 1823, 169.
Helminthophaga celata, Bp., U. 8S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, Birds, 10 (Browns- ville, Tex.).—Id., Ives’ Col. Exped., 1857, pt. iv, 5.—Id., Birds N. A., 1858, 257.—HEERM., P. R. R. Rep., x, pt. iv, 1859, 40.—X anus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, Cal.).—Coop. & SucKt., P. R. R. Rep., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 178 —Hayp., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., xii, 1862, 160.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1865, 176.—CovuEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 70 (Fort Tejon, Cal.; Fort Mojave, Ariz.)—CoopEr, Birds Cal., i, 1870, 83.—Id., Proce. Cal. Acad., 1870, 75.—Stkrv., U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1870, 463.— CouEs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 95.—ALLEN, Bul. Mus. Comp. Zoil., 1872, 175 (astern Kansas; Ogden, Utah ; Wahsatch Mountains).—Snow, Birds Kan., 1872, 7.—A1KEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1872, 196.—Bp., Brew., & Rina., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 202, pl. xi, f. 4 -HrnsHAw, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874, 3.—Jd., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 41.—Jd., Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 57, 74, 102.—CovEs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 52.
During the migrations, a very generally distributed species, frequenting the tops of the smaller trees and low bushes, whence it may often be seen darting forth in pursuit of some passing insect. In the breeding season, it ascends higher up, and is then found among the shrubbery on the open mountain sides. At this season, I have found it as high up as 11,000 feet. The song is a short simple lay, consisting of a few sweet trills, given
with considerable spirit, and ending with a rising inflection.
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus.
24) | dadq|| Denver; (Colo. 2-22 <2. May 9, 1873) H. W. Henshaw---.---.| 2.40 | 2.09 | 0.49 0. 66 291 |g ad. | Near Fort Garland, Colo)... - Glee pomac| Seneca domes esses 2552107) || O45 0. 72
oan|igead. || Denver, \Coloms-— =... May) 17; 1873))|s20oa0 domins-e- sees ee 2547) |b2.14 | 0.40 0. 64 (G62) 9d Campi Apaches Ariz Sept. 91, 1873) |: =. - Ojon eee 4 34, 2500/0238 0, 66 256 |Qjun.| Mount Graham, Ariz..) Aug. 1, 1874 |......'do......-...... 2. 33 | 2.02 | 0.39 0, 65 229 |9 ad. | Lake Piedra, N. Mex..| Sept. 11, 1874 | C. E. Aiken .......... 2.29 | 2.00 | 0.38 0, 72 259 |& ad. | Navajo Creek, Colo ...| Sept..15, 1874 |...... dome etek. Se 2.37 | 2.04 | 0.39 0. 70 778 |@ ad.| Mount Graham, Ariz..| Sept. 21, 1874 | H. W. Henshaw.... -. 2.25 | 2.00 | 0.40 0. 68 1008 | $ ad. | Camp Apache, Ariz -..| Oct. 11, 1874]....-. doer eo aciba: 2.55 | 2.20 | 0.40 0. 65
192 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
DENDROICA AESTIVA (Gm.).
Yellow Warbler.
Motacilla estiva, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 996.
Sylvicola estiva, WoonDHu., Sitgreave’s Exp. Zuni & Col. Riv., 1854, 70.
Dendroica astiva, BD., U. S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1859, Birds, 10.—Bp., Birds N. A., 1858, 282.—HEERM., P. R. R. Rep., x, pt. iv, 1859, 40.—Xan- Tus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 19 (Fort Tejon, Cal.)—Coor. & Sucku., P. R. R. Rep., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 181.—HaAyp., Trans. Am. Phil. Soe., xii, 1862, 161.—Bp., Rey. Am. Birds, i, 1865, 195.—CouEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 69 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.)—Cours, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, 83.—CovuEs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 97, and of late writers—ALLEN, Bul. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1872, 175 (Kansas; Colorado; Utah).—Snow, Birds Kan., 1872, 7.—MeErrtAm, U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872, 675 (Ogden, Utah)—Bp., Brew., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, i, 1574, 223, pl. xiv, f. 1—YARROw, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1871, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 34—Yarrow & HeEnsHAaw, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 10.—HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 58, 74, 102.—Jd., An. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874, 4.—Jd., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 41.—ALLEN, Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., June, 1874, 15, 17, 22.—Covks, Birds Northwest, 1874, 54.
The Yellow Warbler was seen frequently in Utah, especially in the vicinity of towns. In Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, itis a common bird; the deciduous trees of the streams on the plains being its ordinary resort.
In Southern Colorado, several nests were obtained, and showed a simi- larity in structure to the usual style. One made of sheeps’ wool and hempen material, lined with fine grasses and feathers, has more the appearance of a flycatcher’s nest. Except that it is thicker and more carefully made, it might be mistaken for that of Hmpidonax pusillus. The ground color of the eggs taken in the West is pure white, and lacks the greenish tinge which is charactersitic of all eastern specimens I have seen.
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing,| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. Blas : | sy Nae De
= 221) 9\-ad.\| Nevadaienc-sy-ceee eo) Auge Oto |B Bischofieesacesneea| ence | Pee PRR fom rm
55 |Qjun.| Provo, Utah.......... | July 25, 1872| H. W. Henshaw and }..--.. eRe PRC Bea
| Dr. H. C. Yarrow. | |
| ter 9 ad. | ----. dO oes ecco ane heater GO aztec: |eoctes do ke Scene Seccs|'snoceseeeeee Peres Poo
144 |Qjun. |..--.. OG) emcee cts cere | July 30, 1872) |22-- ~~ Gls acer odeeecel bescs- pares eee eee oe
145) | 9) ads) o~ = ee Mune ame ali zee 4) sees CO yeemers eetinos [eae | San ell Beate et ereeatatens
PANTO}! noe ae (Alcoholic) .....-. a —-, oy Al (3 oe pen ences | Lee eee meen eel
Acti leteoee hit Soe doe ce | . 1892) | sae {ih 20 5. So See eee loka nae Oe Pere
9 {9 ad.| Fort Garland, Colo....] May 15, 1873| H. W. Henshaw...... 2.37 | 1.95 | 0.40] 0.70 |
PASSERES—SYLVICOLIDAE—DENDROICA CORONATA. 193
DENDROICA CORONATA (L.).
Yellow-rump Warbier.
Motacilia coronata, LINN., Syst. Nat., i, 1766, 333.
Sylvicola coronata, WoonvH., Sitgreave’s Exp. Zuni & Col. Riv., 1854, 71.
Dendroica coronata, BD., Birds N. A., 1858, 272.—HEnRyY, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 106 (New Mexico).—Coop. & SucKL., P. R. R. Rep., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 180.— HAyD., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., xii, 1862, 160.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1865, 187.—CooPER, Birds Cal., 1870, 89.—Cours, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 99, f. 41.—ALLEN, Bul. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1872, 175 (Eastern Kansas).— Snow, Birds Kan., 1872, 7,—AIkEn, Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1872, 196.— Bp., BREw., & RrpG., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 227, pl. xii, f. 9 HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 58.—Covgs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 57.
In the Middle Province, this species occurs only as a migrant, and it would appear to be rather uncommon. Early in May, a few were noticed near Denver, Colo., mingled with the flocks of the Audubon’s Warbler, whose habits at this season at least appear to be the counterpart of its own. They move easily and quickly through the small trees and bushes, pursuing all the while an onward course, now and then descending to the ground, or poising themselves for an instant on fluttering wings to pick off an insect from the under surface of a leaf or crevice in the bark. Many of the males were in song, and often lingered for an instant to give voice to a low, sweet warble. Several times, I heard males of the two species singing in the same tree, and was thus enabled to note the very great simi- larity of the two songs. I never met with the species in this region during the fall.
No. | Sex. Locality. ; Date. Collector. Wing.} Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. U0) |\Ohad. || Denver, Colo s--+.--s- May 7, 1873| H. W. Henshaw...-... 2.80 | 2.33 | 0.40 0. 72 23a (suddey ease 0) eee ema | Vaya O39k 573) eames dotwecseaccces= 2.90 | 2.35 | 0.39 0. 73 1230 ((Oads oop e er CO ew seweme sos May 17, 1873).-----. doje te swesstiee 2.90 | 2.33] 0.40 0. 73
194 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
DENDROICA AUDUBONI, (Towns.). Audubon’s Warbler.
Sylvia auduboni, Towns., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, ii, 1837, 190.
Sylvicola audubonii, Woonu., Sitgreave’s Exp. Zuni & Col. Riv., 1854, 71.
Dendroica audubonii Bp., U.S. & Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. ii, 1854, Birds, 10.—/d., Birds N. A., 1858, 273.—X AnTUwS, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, Cal.) —KENNERLY, P. R. R. Rep., Whipple’s Route, x, 1859, 24—HreErm.. P. RK. R. Rep., x, pt. iv, 1859, 39.—Coor. & Sucku., P. R. R. Rep., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 181.—HAyp., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., xii, 1862, 160.—Bp., Rev. Am- Birds, i, 1865, 188.—CovEs, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 69 (Fort Tejon, Cal.).—Id., ib., 1868, 83.—CooPER, Am. Nat., iii, 1869, 33.—Id., Proc. Cal. Acad., 1870, 75.—Id., Birds Cal., 1870, 88.—StrEv., U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1870, 463.—CouEs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 100.—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zo6l., 1872, 175 (Colorado; Utah)—MeErriAM, U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872, 675.—BD., Brew., & Ripe., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 229, pl. xiii, f. 1— Yarrow & HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Specs., 1872, Wheeler's Exped., 1874, 10.— HENSHAW, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874, 4—Jd., An. List Birds Utah, 1872, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 41.—Jd., Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 58, 75, 102.—CouEs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 58.
Dendroica audubonis (sic), Bp., Ives’ Col. Exped., 1857, pt. iv, 5.
During the spring and fall migrations, this warbler is found in the Mid- dle Region diffused over the country everywhere, from the pine region on the mountains to the lowest valleys. Its habits and motions are identical with those of the common Yellow-rump. Mr. Aiken has found it in Middle Colorado as early as April 16, but it probably does not become common till some time later. I saw it in small numbers about Denver May 7, and numerous on the 10th, and apparently still moving northward On visiting the mountains of Southern Colorado, I found this species was a moderately common one in the pine region from about 9,000 feet upward. By the 1st of June all were paired; and on the 8d I sawa female just begin- ning a nest in the top of a small spruce, some thirty feet from the ground. This was finished June 8, but no eggs had been laid, and I was forced to content myself with the nest alone. Outwardly it was composed of strips of bark firmly and neatly woven, and lined with fine grasses. It has an external diameter of four inches and is one inch deep.
Mr. Aiken speaks of this bird as follows: ‘Common as a summer resident of Colorado, and during the migrations particularly abundant, spreading over the whole country from the stunted pines at timber line to the decidu-
PASSERES—SYLVICOLIDAE—DENDROICA AUDUBONI. 195
ous trees and bushes bordering the streams of the plains. Though generally silent during the migrations, the males, when settled for the summer, are quite musical. In the latter season, we find them restricted to the mountains, usually at an altitude of from 8,000 to 10,000 feet, where, in the wilderness of pines and low aspens, they raise their young.”
In Arizona, the species is probably resident, breeding at least as far south as Mount Graham. The young, just beginning to assume the plumage of the adult, were found here August 1; and farther north, in the White Mountains, young just from the nest were taken July 12. In both localities, they were quite as common as in Southern Colorado.
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector, Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. oF) \geads|| Provo; Utahit2...+2.- Ninkye26;21872) err Wee Henshawsand Ion eenis eee ee salve Dr. H. C. Yarrow. 152 o Gunnison, Utah ..--.-. Sepimncsslo 721) eLlaW eu E1enshavysae pee | eee | eee | meee | cr 177 |g ad. | Panquitch, Utah.. ---. Sept 17515 72)\seee os GO RB eGE Bes act Soe eal peoeaoe| Mere eee eee 216 io Mormon Spring, Utah.} Oct. 3, 1872]...-.. CO sa. apac arom aaa neces | ssuceol soaks Weesee se 217 Aaa neces (05) sccebaccoSnce||posse Gleyiesaee| |aSeeee (le) eee ceo d6a| bee con esccee| eesees| see neee 251 Ee Iron City, Utah..--..-. Octimn6501872) Rae oe dO; Seatac ote nal scceee lease. (hae eee Aa oe 310 a Toquerville, Utah.....) Oct. 16, 1872| H. W. Henshaw and |..._..|/.....|...-..]........ Dr. H. C. Yarrow. 9) ad. Denver, Colo: ...- ---- May 7, 1873) H. W. Henshaw...... 3-17 | 2.50 | 0.43 0. 76 LOM oeradad| ee e= Gb) Sauder ae eeealsee ac Coy aeeeS ERaee do Seas e hata 4 3.08 | 2.50 | 0.47 0. 75 7) We col | oa GO cosnessne seas Ee Cy aky elas AO 1125 Saaisee ses 3.14 | 2.54 | 0.45 0. 75 SY) és CG aseecs diss cs sse cesta se May 10, 1873]-.--.. dope. stiivees 3-00 | 2.42 | 0.43 0. 72 SOs fuade||aeeeee GOP e eae |p Mayet, 18731 eeeees dos: acsiesee ae 3-03 | 2.45 | 0.42 0. 72 Be Syalich adel | Meee Osawa se aoe ee sere A Olseises a lteancens COice. «eters Sas 3.07 | 2.47 | 0.45 0. 70 Son Orads Ecce. Gl) Gaeped Sen Ses Ganbe doPeaeea| ease dojeeemaer=aeeioee 2.90 | 2.38 | 0.40 0. 74 GSiiaradsls. 22" 80) seco neron cone WES? Dey aye | oceee Oi aa See 3-16 | 2.61 | 0.45 0. 74 120) |\Olads|Rese= COScerons tos enal WER. Nye iGh elle seeee dose a% 22 ak Bert | 2x5 0NO.45 0. 71 290 |g ad.| Near FortGarland, Colo} June 6, 1873|.-.--. Glo Pes eeecienooes 3.28 | 2.54 | 0.43 0. 74 Sey lee eke Resisos Opes ee ciateiaiael [isin pits ey ee ease GOS eee oaGh anes 3.11 | 2.40 | 0.41 0, 70 664 |g ad. | Camp Apache, Ariz....] Sept. 1, 1873!...-.. Cle) ese oeicees 3.22 | 2.58 | 0.40 0. 74. 972 |Qjun.| Gila River, N. Mex...| Oct. 11, 1873] ..--. doses ete 2.82 | 2.33 | 0.40] 0.72 IG 72ANp NOms|buaee Cor setts Fos |r EIdQ se son | eee (loiter ee 3.04 | 2.40 | 0.40 0. 70 £04 | jun.) Willow Spring, Ariz...) July 12, 1874 Dr. J. T. Rothrock....|......|......|......|........ 259 |djun.| Mount Graham, Ariz ..| Aug. 1, 1874] H. W. Henshaw......|....-.|.-.-..|.-....].....--. 291 fe) Pacosay | Caloyeasaeicese Sepia KO 10 7401s Camb iaeAUk nee eerie ok | meee sc |Pespeeee| [epee |e 298 Ee baa dome ae asa == Septe) 20 eG ail hens. CO eoe oda p Scones ladeoee |sae se5| se soeel ee eerie 770 Q Mount Graham, Ariz ..|_...- domsact. 18S Wie Lents Hak; cage lececod| Heeece| Se seen| Beare aee 859 fo) TN seer dot neater anes Sepia cssstO7anle sense Cle) AOS Scsremet| eres fates cial tet ene (eae a 860 Oe geese dome Sete ess] 22 ct Glee eee| aes oteee statins] eseal Seeker allie eou 2 343 fe) Bteblo;Colofoeee. =. 26 Yel Ney SEPA (Ce doa AAS cea ts lly aes [ee een | bee a I
196 ‘* ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
DENDROICA MACULOSA (Gm.).
Black-and-yellow Warbler.
Motacilla maculosa, GM., Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, 984.
Dendroica maculosa, BD., Birds N. A., 1858, 284.—Hayp., Trans. Am. Phil. Soe., xii, 1862, 161.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1865, 206.—CovuErs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 102, f. 44.—Snow, Am. Nat., Dec., 1874, 757.—Bp., BREw., & RipG., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 232, pl. xiv, f. 2—HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Specs., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 58.—Coves, Birds Northwest, 1874, 62.
The occurrence of this species west of the plains seems to be accidental, since I do not find it recorded from any point west of Kansas, to the fauna of which State it has recently been added by Mr. Frank H. Snow. I took a fine male in adult plumage near Denver, May 17, 1873. This was migrating in company with a flock of Audubon’s Warblers; no others were seen.
1
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus.
93 |'¢ ad. | Denver, Colo-2------= May 17, 1873} H. W. Henshaw...... 2.40 | 2.15 | 0.45 | 0, 66
DENDROICA CAERULEA (Wils.). Czrulean Warbicr.
Sylvia caerulea, WiLs., Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 141, pl. xvii, f. 5.
Sylvia bifasciata, SAY, Long’s Exp. Rocky Mountains, 1823, 170.
Sylvicola cerulea, Woopu., Sitgreave’s Exp. Zuni & Col. Riv., 1854, 70 (Texas, com- mon; Indian Territory, breeding).
Dendreca caerulea, Bd., Birds N. A., 1858, 280.—Id., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1865, 191.— Cours, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 99.—ALLEN, Bul. Mus. Comp. Zodl., 1872, 175 (Eastern Kansas).—Snow, Birds Kan., 1872, 7—Bp., BREw., & R1pG., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 236, pl. xiii, f. 10—HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1573, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 58.—Covgrs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 56.
A small warbler seen May 17 was unquestionably of this species. Its small size and bright blue color made it conspicuous among a flock of Audu- bon’s Warblers as they passed rapidly from tree to tree, but, my attention being diverted for a moment, I lost sight of it, nor was it again seen. Not hitherto detected west of the plains. ‘‘Apparently common at Leavenworth, Kansas” (Allen).
PASSERES—SYLVICOLIDAE—DENDROICA GRACIAE, 197
DENDROICA GRACIAE, Coues. Gracie’s Warbler.
Dendroica gracie, CouES, MSS.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1865, 210.—Covrs, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 67 (Fort Whipple, Ariz.)—Cours, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 103.—Bp., Brew., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 243, pl. xiv, f. 10.
It is remarkable that, with the exception of a single specimen taken at Inscription Rock, N. Mex., during the two seasons spent in Arizona and New Mexico, this species should have been detected in but one locality, viz, in the White Mountains, near Camp Apache, Ariz. Both seasons it was found in the pine woods of the mountains, and apparently was one of the commonest warblers that spend the summer here. I have little doubt but that, as suggested by Dr. Coues, its range in summer embraces the high pine tracts throughout Arizona and New Mexico. By July 10, the young, just from the nest, were seen, and the old birds, in worn plumage, were busied con- stantly in providing for the wants of their progeny. The coniferous trees seemed to be alone frequented by them, and, in the tops of these, they kept running swiftly over the smaller branches at the extremities of the limbs, pursuing their prey on the wing. By the middle of August, they had united in flocks, and, with other small insectivorous birds, appeared to be lingering in the region preparatory to the southward migration. Their preference for the pines was apparent, though occasionally found among the oaks. Iris black; bill and feet brown; soles light yellow.
No. | Sex. Locality. Date, Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. 485 |Q ad.| Inscription Rock, N. | July 24, 1873| H.W. Henshaw...--- 2.53 | 2.10 | 0.45 0, 68 Mex. 534 |¢ ad. | White Mountains, Ariz.| Aug. 8, 1873 |...... dO Ree eeteee 2.63 | 2.26 | 0.40 0. 72 Bae Oyun seen GW ncognasoueuse Aug. 9, 1873].-.--. Gb ee cand Sanees 2.50 | 2.27 | 0.40 0, 60 567 | Oyjun.||2<-==. GO). scseson,annces Uap 73) eee domecere S500b0s 2.55 | 2.16 | 0.38 0. 60 520 |g ad. | Camp Apache, Ariz....| Aug. 21, 1873 |..--.. dowiaern creeps s 2.67 | 2.24 | 0. 42 0. 63 Gora! ajunel leas dO yase rays cierice Septum sy lo7su esse == dol ceesas.- ssi 2.63 | 2.30 | 0.40 0. 64 747 |Q ad. | South of Camp Apache, |..-- - GB) oconas|losdace COSSERSSPRAASee 2.60 | 2.15 | 0.39 0. 60 Ariz. 61 | fjun.*) NearCamp Apache, Ariz] July 11, 1874|...... (i arsaaseesaces 2.53 | 2.00 | 0.32 0. 60 81 |Q ad.t/------ Gls) Senosdououone July) 125,1874)|5-< 2. - GO aa eeare 2.42 | 2.14 | 0.38 0. 70 TOK" |g; adst|----- = Glo) gases Sodecd NSeee lovee pein dos. sae5-6 sea (Pe 2827 Ona 0, 66 TZ2Qulih ad tine see d0\- 22 Sssscccsc: july es serS 74 eee GUTE capes cer 2.50 | 1.75 | 0.42 0. 63 130 |Q ad.t..--.. C10) Soscnde ase laaeoe Gicneeso|seosce don sae feea ee: ZEON eeeteee 0. 40 0. 63 Peat ley BGI eas ssc Ge cood sesame eal seeee dO). eserilleesik el Sosa 2.60 | 2.22 | 0.43 0. 61 TSG) Guy tnted | eae = COs canetensoss|lssnoe dopacans||pese dolseas=stese ee 2.64 | 2.32 | 0.40 0. 65
* Nesting-plumage, + Worn breeding-plumage.
198 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
DENDROICA STRIATA (Forst.) Black-poll Warbler.
Muscicapa striata, FORSTER, Phil. Trans., 1xii, 1772, 383, 428,
Sylvicola striata, WooDH., Sitgreave’s Exp. Zuni & Col. Riv., 1854, 70.
Dendreca striata, BAIRD, Birds N. A., 1858, 280.—HeENRy, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 106 (New Mexico).—HaAyp., Trans. Am. Phil. Soe., xii, 1862, 161.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1865, 192.—Snow. Am. Nat., Dec., 1874, 757.—CouEs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 100, f. 42; pl. 2, f. 15, 16—Bp., Brew., & Ring., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 248, pl. xiii, f. 9.—Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Specs., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 59.—CouEs, Birds Northwest, 1574, 60.
In its journey northward in spring to its summer home the greater number of Black-poll Warblers choose an eastern route, and throughout the Eastern Province it is one of the most abundant of the transitory visit- ants, passing through in an almost continuous stream from the 20th of May till the 1st of June. It has recently been ascertained to occur in Kansas by Mr. F. H. Snow, as quoted above. Near Denver, in 1873, it made its appearance a few days earlier than it is wont to do in New England, and by May 17 both sexes were abundant, and passing rapidly onward. This is, I believe, the most western locality at which the species has been
recorded. No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. | Wing, Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. — = 1 _ ‘zl | 120 ° ad. | Denver, Colo .........| May 17, 1873 | H. W. Henshaw...... 2.83 | 2.22 | 0.42 0. 73 DENDROICA NIGRESCENS (Towns.). Black-throated Gray Warbler. Sylvia nigrescens, TOWNS., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., vii, il, 1837, 191 (Columbia River). Dendroica nigrescens, BD., Ives’ Col. Exped., 1857, pt. iv, 5.—Zd., Birds N, A., 18538,
270.—HrERM., P. R. R. Rep., x, pt. iv, 1859, 40.—Xanrus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, Cal.).—HrEnry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 106 (New Mexico).—Counrs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 69 (Fort Whipple) —Coop. & Suck.., P. R. KR. Rep., xii, pt. 1, 1860, 179.—LBp., Rey. Am. Birds, i, 1865, 186.—Coorrr, Birds Cal., 1870, 91.—
PASSERES—SYLVICOLIDAE—DENDROICA NIGRESCENS. USS,
CouEs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 98.—A1kEN, Proe. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist.,
1872, 197.—Bp., Brew., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 258, pl. xii, f. 8—
HENSHAW, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., xi, 1874, 4.—Jd., An. List Birds
Utah, 1872, Wheeler's Ixped., 1874, 42.—I/d., Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 75, 103.—CouEs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 55.
At Fort Garland, Col., a warbler was seen June 25 in a grove of pine
trees on the sides of a narrow canon, which I am quite confident was of
g, which it con- stantly emitted at short intervals as it flew from tree to tree. Owing to its shyness, I did not succeed in capturing it.
The dry foot hills in the vicinity of Santa Fé, N. M., covered with a growth of pifons and cedars, were frequented by these birds in June. I saw no females ; but the males were in very much worn plumage, and had all the appearance of breeding. The nests, however, I did not succeed in finding. In the fall migrations, their numbers increase, and they are then found quite abundantly in Arizona, frequenting usually the pines, more rarely the oaks and other deciduous trees. The following remarks Mr. Aiken furnishes from notes in Colorado :
this species. It had a short, feeble, but rather pleasing, son
“Rather a rare migrant in Colorado ; a few probably remaining to breed. I have never seen it anywhere but on the mesas and foot hills that are cov- ered with the low scragey pinon pine. In the spring time, it first makes its appearance about the first of May; two or three males usually being together then, and the females coming several days later. The male, as he searches for insects on leaf and limb, repeats at intervals a singular, but withal a very pretty, song, with something of the metallic ring in it that is heard in the song of the White-throated Wren. Shy and retiring in its habits, and frequenting pinon groves so dense that one can scarcely see a dozen yards ahead, this ornate little sylph is very easily overlooked, and it often requires considerable perseverance to secure a specimen, even after it has been discovered. I have followed one through the thicket for half an hour, while, like an agnis fatuus, it led me on, fluttering occasionally into sight for an instant, and a moment later uttering its song perhaps twenty rods away.”
200 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.) Tail. | Bill. tarsus. | ae | = a 52 \d ad. | Camp Apache, Ariz ...| Aug. 12, 1873 | H. W. Henshaw....-. 2.50 | 2.17 | 0. 38 0. 67 566 | fjun. | White Mountains, Ariz.|..-.-do ....-. jpacoce do Aeamease eee 2.45 | 2.25 | 0.40 0. 64 578 |g ad. | Camp Apache, Ariz....| Aug. 21, 1873 |------ GClercs Easconto: 2.50 | 2.17 | 0.40 0. 69 601 | Qjun.|...--- (6 (Rei = ea Avigns23501579)|-e sees do Beicastas= ol] Zeyh 2. 00) kKOLd0 0. 65 7O1 id ada)|ee=——r Cel oe Se sense sce Sept) 5;.1573)|a-<=<- Gy S524 S525 se0 = 2.35 | 2.17 | 0.38 | © 69 I \d ad. | Santa Fé, N. Mex ....| Aug. 10; 1874) |25--= Gest pee 2.50 | 2.20 | 0.40) 0. 60 418 |Qjun.| Bowie Agency, Ariz...|.--.- donee. s\easeor CO feawae wan aces || 240uer TO O5g0 0. 69 431 [ition | maesne do See eee nees Aug. 17, 1874 |.----- G0) cane een tee 2.40 | 2.25 | 0. 38 0. 65 496 |g ad. | Camp Crittenden, Ariz.| Aug. 25, 1874 |------ Gl OB = = NSS 55 2.54 | 2.20 | 0.40 0. 72 505 | djun. arr aly Seek 5 Ae Aug. 26, 1874 |..---- Gta ao ean none 2.45 | 2.12 | 0.37 0. 67 550 |¢ ads loons CCE aoe Seca Isace= doee===- J----- 40) 2525 ssoescoe 2.60 | 2.20 | 0.40 0. 66
DENDROICA TOWNSENDLI (Nutt.).
Townsend’s Warbler. Sylvia townsendi, Towns., Jour, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, ii, 1837, 191. Dendroica townsendii, Bp., Birds N. A., 1858, 269.—Coor. & Suckt., P. R. R. Rep., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 179.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1865, 185.—CoopEr, Birds Cal., i, 1870, 91.—Cougs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 98.—BD.,.BREW., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, i, 1574, 265, pl. xii, f. 7.
At Mount Graham, Ariz.,in September, this warbler was found in con- siderable numbers, though the few taken were procured with no little difficulty, for they almost invariably were seen in the tops of the tallest trees, where a glimpse might now and then be had of them as they dashed out after flying insects, or flew from tree to tree in their always onward migratory course. The tracts of pine woods they shunned entirely, but affected the firs and spruces, and their flights from point to point were regulated and made longer or shorter by the presence or absence of these trees. Their movements were exceedingly rapid; a moment spent in passing in and out the interlacing branches, a few hurried sweeps at their extremities, and they were off to the next adjoining tree to repeat the process again and again till lost sight of in the dense woods. Their only note was the common fsip. I obtained no evidence of their breeding in Arizona, though from their habits there seems to exist no reason why these mountain forests should not furnish a congenial summer home. Mr. Aiken obtained two specimens in Colorado, thus including that Territory in the range of the species.
PASSERES—SYLVICOLIDAE—DENDROICA OCCIDENTALIS.
201
Locality. Date Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus.
@onejos; Colon =~ 4. =- Aug. 26, 1874 | C. E. Aiken .......... 2.58 | 2.12 | 0.40 0. 68 Mouth of Navajo Creek, | Sept. 11, 1874 |.----- Gln 59 aepodeses 2.52 | 2.12 | 0.38 0. 67
Colo.
Mount Graham, Ariz ..| Sept. 24, 1874 | H. W. Henshaw...--. 2.55 | 2.30 | 0.40 0. 72
ol secioc Glie Sthn Seep ocsdllnocce, Cl sacisch laqaeoekt Wiasaaec Isao sane) etek eB dal |e? Co) 0. 73 aceece G0) Sens Soca esec| Seaess 2h) 7 peeodsC Opsoe ee 254-7)|/ 2.08) || 05.37 0. 72 spose Ones reseeieees | Septs 255) 1074) | mrsiae dO ===] 23,03) || 2,08, | 0.30 0. 69 pete Ole sas -eesnyeoes | SOepiee 20; 19745| ean= = do Seeelle2e Oia | 12-1051 /10s;39 0. 70
DENDROICA OCCIDENTALIS (Towns.). Western Warbler. Sylvia occidentalis, Towns., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, ii, 1837, 190 (Columbia
River).
Dendroica occidentalis, BD., Birds N. A., 1858, 268.—Coor. & Suck.., P. R. KR. Rep., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 178.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1865, 183.—CouEs, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 69 (Fort Whipple)—CooPeEr, Birds Cal., i, 1872, 92.—CouEs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 97.—Bp., Brew., & Ripe., N. A, Birds, i, 1874, 266, pl. xii, f. 5. The Western Warbler was met with at the same time and place, and under precisely the same conditions, as the last species, and at this season the habits of the two are so alike that at the distance at which they were usually seen it was impossible to distinguish them with anything like cer-
tainty. Indeed, the two species associated together, and were found in the
same trees.
No. | Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.| Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. 541 |Qjun.| Near Camp Crittenden, | Aug. 30, 1874 | H. W. Henshaw -.--..-| 2.46 | 2.10 | 0.38 0. 65 Ariz.
36 |Qjun. |..---. dOze see teenie Sept. —, 1874 ]..---- dosieebe ee ncass 2.65 | 2.07 | 0.35 0. 72 779 |9 ad. | Mount Graham, Ariz..| Sept. 21, 1874|.----- (ey noseco nsoace 2.40 | 2.10 | 0.38 0, 67 Wf} Ons lesosee Gj nacecocseocd assn atélo) pSnden||sasoed do 2eAGe | 25 D7 |O239 0. 66 WSN fr aden. =. (lo) 5 S655 Sa0e nan Sept. 22, 1874]|.----- Ghos8 Boar SEISpem as 2.75 | 2.27 | 0.45 0. 75 838 | Qjun. |.----- Olas) scecstsse secs Oe eee seats Gils asco dasonacs 2.50 | 2.10 | 0.41 0. 70
“General aspect of Dendroica.
PEUCEDRAMUS, Coues, nov. gen.
Tyre.—Sylvia olivacea, Giraud.
Tongue much as in that genus, but larger, with
revolute edges, cleft tip, and laciniate for some distance from the end; wings elon- gated, half as long again asthe tail (in Dendroica but little longer than the tail), reach-
202 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
ing, when folded, nearly to the end of the tail; tail emarginate ; tarsus no longer than the middle toe and claw. Hallux little if any longer than its claw ; bill little shorter than tarsus (averaging little over half the tarsus in Dendroica), attenuate, notably depressed, yet very little widened at base; culmen rather concave than convex in most of its length, the under outline almost perfectly straight from extreme base to tip; nasal fosse very large, with a highly developed nasal scale; rictal vibrissw few aud short; plumage without streaks.
“The form of the bill is quite peculiar, lacking entirely the parive aspect of that of Dendroica ; it somewhat resembles that of Seiurus. The relationships of P. olivacea appear to be with the Jamaican Sylvicola eoa of Gosse. In habits, it somewhat resembles the Certhiid@”.—(Cours, MSS).
While in the field, my attention being attracted to certain peculiarities of this bird, both structural and as shown in its habits, as compared with the genus Den- droica, which seemed to amount to generic distinctions, | called the attention of my friend Dr. Elliott Coues to these, and, as a result of his examination of the specimens, he has erected the genus as above given.
PEUCEDRAMUS OLIVACEUS (Giraud). Olive-headed Warbler.
Sylvia olivacea, GiRAUD, Birds Texas, 1841, 14, pl. vii, f. 2.—Sciar., Proc. Zool. Soc., 1555, 66.
Sylvicola olivacea, CASSIN, Ill. Birds Texas, 1855, 283, pl. xIviil.
Dendroica olivacea, ScuaT., Proce. Zodl. Soc., 1852, 298 (Oaxaca; cold region).—Zd., Proce. Zobl. Soe., 1859, 363 (Jalapa).—Id., Cat., 1861, 51, No. 190.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1865, 205.—Bp., Brew., & Ripa., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 255.—
HeNsHaAw, Am. Sportsman, v, Feb. 20, 1875, 328 (introduced into United
States fauna). Rhimamphus olivaceus, SCLAY., Proc. Zod). Soe., 1856, 291 (Cordova). Sylvia teniata, DuBUS., Bul. Acad. Brux., xiv, 1847, 104.—Jd., Rev. Zool., 1848, 245. Sylvicola taniata, BON., Consp., 1850, 309. HAB.—Both coasts of Mexico south into Guatemala, Arizona.
This species was given by Mr. Giraud as a bird of Texas; but the quotation has been disregarded by authors under the assumption that the locality of his specimens was, through mistake, erroneously given. It would appear, however, that its occurrence in Texas is rendered by no means improbable, since the capture of several specimens by our party during the past season in the mountains of Southern Arizona. During a three days’ visit to Mount Graham, August 1 to 4, the species was not detected; though this can hardly be considered as negativing the probability of its occurrence here as a summer resident, since in so short a period the time was far too
’ |
limited to examine, even cursorily, a region abounding at this season in
PASSERES—SYLVICOLIDAE—PEUCEDRAMUS OLIVACEUS. 203
bird life, including many species of peculiar interest, especially when the rough nature of the country and the density of the pine woods is considered.
Returning here September 19, many of the species found in August in abundance had migrated south, and were either entirely wanting or repre- sented by individuals from farther north, while the woods, the silence of which was often unbroken for long intervals by the note of a single bird, would now and then, as if by magic, be filled with hundreds of feathered migrants, who in noisy companies were proceeding on their way south. The day after establishing our camp here, Mr. Rutter, of the party, brought in a fine specimen of this warbler, which he stated he had shot from among a flock of Aububon’s Warblers and Snowbirds, which he had started from the ground while walking in the pine woods. . With the rest, it had appar- ently been feeding upon the ground, and had flown up to a low branch of a pine, where it sat and began to give forth a very beautiful song, which he described as consisting of detached, melodious, whistling notes. During the next .few days, I confined my collecting trips to the spruce woods, and though I watched eagerly for this to me strange warbler, I did not see it till the last day of my stay in the locality, when I heard a few strange Vireo-like notes coming from some thick pines, and, hurrying to the spot, soon had the satisfaction of seeing one of these warblers on the low limbs of a huge pine, where it was moving quickly over the large branches, its manner and whole appearance reminding me instantly of the Pine Creeper (Dendroica pints). A few moments later, a second specimen was shot from the top of a tall pine, where it was actively creeping about. Asall the warblers present here at this time were migrants, we may reasonably infer that, with the others, this species was en route from some locality to the north, and ‘ perhaps it may be found to be a rare inhabitant of the high pine region throughout Arizona and New Mexico.
No; || Sex. Locality. Date. Collector. Wing.) Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus.
|
| 745 |¢ ad. | Mount Graham, Ariz ..| Sept. 19, 1874 | J. M. Rutter ......-.- 3.00 | 2.30 | 0,52 0. 72 Tol em bariSaxtlors dacoar samen Sept. 25, 1374 | H. W. Henshaw..--.. 3.00 | 2.37 | 0.48 0. 70 Waso4al|isadenl ees er dO matte cee cecoccn dOisecace Reeser OO ee secon, oa eiae 3.00 | 2.28 | 0.44 0. 73
204 ZOOLOGY—BIRDS.
SEIURUS NOVEBORACENSIS (Gm.). Small-billed Water Thrush,
Motacilla noveboracensis, GM., Syst. Nat., i, 1788, 958.
Seiurus noveboracensis, BD., Birds N. A., 1858, 261.—HaAyp., Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 12, 1862, 160.—CoorER, Am. Nat., iii, 1862, 32.—Bp., Rev. Am. Birds, i, 1865, 215.—Covurs, Key N. A. Birds, 1872, 106, pl. 2, f. 9, 10, 11.—Snow, Birds Kan., 1872, 7.—Bb., BrEw., RinG., N. A. Birds, i, 1874, 283, pl. xiv, f. 12.— HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spees., 1873, Wheeler’s Exped., 1874, 59.—Cougs, Birds Northwest, 1574, 71.
Seiurus? noveboracensis, ALLEN, Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., June, 1874, 22.
The Water Thrush appears to be of rare occurrence in the Middle Province, though it doubtless passes through in its migrations, and occurs at many points where it has not been reported from the lack of observers and the short time its passage occupies. At Denver, I secured a single indi- vidual May 12, and in a few days small numbers were observed, usually singly, by the side of pools and streams. Near Camp Crittenden, the latter part of August, one was found on a small water course; this being the only occasion I have detected it in Arizona, nor am I aware that it is elsewhere recorded from this Territory.
| No. | Sex. | Locality. Date. Collector, jas Tail. | Bill. | Tarsus. |
53 E ad. | Denver, Golo..s-.<.-: May 12, 1873 | H. W. Henshaw...... | 3.04 | — -
2.25 | 0.55 0. 81
GEOTHLYPIS TRICHAS (L.).
Maryland Yellowthroat.
Turdus trichas, LINN., Syst. Nat. 1766, 295. Geothlypis trichas, Bp., U. S. & Mex. Bound. Survy.,, ii, pt. ii, 1859, Birds, 10.—Id., Birds - N. A., 1858, 241.—Xanrus. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 191 (Fort Tejon, Cal.) HENRY, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 106 (New Mexico).— Coor. & Sucku., P. R. R. Rep., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 177.—HayD.,