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CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. CONSTITUTION.
ARTICLE I.
NAME AND OBJECTS.
The association shall be called the Cambridge Entomological Club, and its object shall be to cultivate the study of Entomology. ARTICLE II. ELECTION OF MEMBERS. Members may be chosen at any regular meeting, after nomination, in g, and the affirmative
top) vote of two-thirds of the members present shall be necessary to a choice.
ARTICLE III.
RIGHTS OF RESIDENT MEMBERS.
writing, by two members at a preceding meetin
Members residing in the neighborhood of Cambridge shall alone be entitled to vote or to hold office, or shall be subject to the payment of fees.
ARTICLE IV. OFFICERS.
The officers shall be a President, Secretary, Treasurer, and an Exec- utive Committee of five, of which the President, Secretary and Treas- urer shall be members ex officiis.
ARTICLE V. ELECTION OF OFFICERS.
Officers shall be chosen by ballot at a meeting designated for the purpose at least three weeks in advance, and a majority of the votes cast shall be sufficient for a choice.
ARTICLE VI. AMENDMENTS.
The Constitution may be altered or amended by a two-thirds vote to that effect at any regular meeting of the Club, after a written proposi- tion at a preceding meeting.
BY-LAWS. ARTICLE I. FEES.
The entrance fee shall be two dollars, and an assessment of the same amount shall be due January first of each year. The President and Treasurer may, at their discretion, exempt a member from assessment.
ARTICLE II. TERMINATION OF MEMBERSHIP.
Members may withdraw from the Club by giving written notice of their intention and paying all arrearages due. A delay in the payment of any fee shall work forfeiture of membership, unless said fee is paid within one month after a written notice to that effect given at the end of the year.
ARTICLE ITI. MEETINGS AND PROCEEDINGS.
Regular meetings of the Club shall be held on the second Friday of each month from October to June. Five members shall form a quorum for business. Officers shall be elected at the January meeting ; at this meeting the retiring President shall give an address suitable to the occa- sion, the Secretary a written statement of the annual progress of the Club, and the Treasurer an account of its financial condition.
ARTICLE IV. PUBLICATIONS.
The Club will publish a periodical, entitled Psycun, the general char- acter of which shall be determined by the Club, and one or more Edi- tors shall be chosen at the annual meeting.
ARTICLE V. P DUTIES OF OFFICERS.
The duties of the President, Secretary and Treasurer shall be those ordinarily required of such officers. The Executive Committee of five shall be the governing board of the Club in the intervals between the meetings ; the members of this Committee chosen at large shall audit the accounts of the Treasurer. The Library shall be in charge of the Secretary.
ARTICLE VI. AMENDMENTS.
The By-Laws of the Club may be altered, added to, or amended by a majority vote of the members present at any meeting ; provided that they shall have been duly notified, at the previous meeting, of an inten- ded change.
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Percrt.,
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[Established in 1874. ]
VOLUME 3.
1880-1882.
EDITED BY G: Dimmockx, Cambridge, Mass.; B: PickKMAN Mann, Washington, D.C.; ALBERT J: Cook, Lansing, Mich. ; CLirForp CuasEe Eaton, Cambridge, Mass.; JosErpH Duncan Putnam, Davenport, [owa;
Francis HuNTINGTON Snow. Lawrence, Kansas.
CAMBRIDGE, Mass., U.S. A. PuBIl ISHED BY. GEORGE DiIMMock.
1886.
eS, lat page of the succeeding issue; the last proofs of the final pages (part of nos. 10 of volume 3 were sent to the printer 10 Jan. 1887. ar
y <\ ‘
>
For the contents of this volume arranged in alphabetic order of authors see nos. 2941- 3100 of the Bibliographical record, on pages 421-430.
The following list gives an explanation of the initials appended to the different numbers of the Bibliographical record, and, at the same time, serves as a list of persons who
have contributed to the record.
£: B. Edward Burgess. A. ¥: C. Albert John Cook.
A. K. D. Anna Katherina Dimmock.
G: D. George Dimmock.
H: &. Henry Edwards.
C: H: F. Charles Henry Fernald. R. H. Roland Hayward.
S: H. Samuel Henshaw.
L. O. H. Leland Ossian Howard. B: P. M. Benjamin Pickman Mann.
S. H. P. Selim Hobart Peabody. F. D. P. Joseph Duncan Putnam. A. R. Henri Albert Robin.
Ff. G: S. Frank George Schaupp. E&. A. S. Eugene Amandus Schwarz. S: H. S. Samuel Hubbard Scudder. R. Th. Roland Thaxter.
W; T. William Trelease.
H: W. T. Henry Ward Turner.
F. M. W. Joseph Martin Wilson.
PS Y Glide
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL - CLUB. [ Established in 1874. |
. EDITED BY Grorce Dimmock, Cambridge Mass.; B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass. ; Apert J: Coox, Lansing, Mich.; Citrrorp Cuase Eaton,
Cambridge, Mass.
Vol. 3. No. 69. JANUARY 1880.
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS — Acknowledgements : ; : 7 : ; : ‘ . 2 EXPERIMENTS UPON THE Errect oF CoLp APPLIED TO come ALIDS OF BUTTERFLIES
—W: H: Edwards. 2 : , : : F : : : : ; ; . 38-6 InrrRopucTORY — Announcement 5 F ; ; : : : ; : ; ; ; a BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD Fs ‘ ; : 5 ; : : 8-10 EntromoLocicaL Items — Society Meetings _ tgumetearals ; : - - - root ADVERTISEMENTS — Notice : , Z F E ; : ; ’ ‘ : : aera bY
CampripGe, Mass., U. S. A.: PusiisHep sy Grorce Dimmock.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $1. MONTHLY NUMEROS, 15 c.
|Entered as second class mail matter.] os
2 PSYCHE.
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ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MATERIALS FOR SALE.
Klaegev’s best Insect-pins, 36 mm. long, no. 00-5; 39 mm. long, no. 00-7. Per 1000: no. 2-6, $1.10; oth- ers, $1.20. Per 5000, $5.00 and $5.50. Other sorts on hand or to order. Pins sold at these rates only in packages of 500; smaller lots, 20 cts. per 100; sam- ples, 6 cts.
Double boxes, for storing, 10 & 25 & 35 em., 45 cts’ Light mailing boxes, 17 & 22 em., and half and quar- ter size, 10, 8, 6 cts.
Cork in sheets 380 X 8.5 K 0.5 cm., 12 cts. per sheet, $1.00 per 10 sheets.
Stout glass tubes, for alcoholic specimens, 8 & 50 mm., 10> 60 mm., 12 * 70 mm., $1.30, $1.40, $1.50 per 100; rubber stoppers for these, $1.00, $1.20, $1.50 per 100; tube and stopper, 3 cts. Other sizes of tubes and stoppers on hand or to order.
Blank labels, red-bordered, 2214 mm., 35 ets. per 1000; 27x12 mm., 45 cts. per 1000. A set of 100 generic and 586 specific labels, printed on above blanks, for United States and Canadian butterflies, complete to 1876, $1.00. Twelve sheets of printed labels, containing the names of the North Ameri- can States and Territories, of months, and signs for sexes, 2 cts. a sheet, and 2 cts. postage.
Photographs of Prodryas, the first known North American fossil butterfly; of the anatomy of the upper and of the under side of Harpalus caliginosus, and of the under side of Lucanus cervus : each 50 cts.
Transportation on pins and labels, prepaid; on other goods extra.
B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass.
EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES WANTED.
The undersigned desires to obtain, by exchange or otherwise, from all parts of the world, eggs, caterpillars and chrysalids of Diurnal Lepidop- tera. Dried specimens are preferred, especially of caterpillars, which should be prepared by in- flation. Correspondence is invited with persons engaged in the study of the early stages of butter- flies. S. H. SCUDDER, Cambridge, Mass.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The Cambridge Entomological Club gratefully acknowledges the receipt of the following contri- butions to the permanent publication fund.
Previously acknowledged, $146.85
From S: H. Seudder, Cambridge, Mass.
(Sale of specimens) . ~° . 2.60 « . T..Cresson, Philadelphia, Pa. 2.00 « . A. Schwarz, Washington, D.C. 5.50 « HH. F. Bassett, Waterbury, Conn. 80 H.K. Horton, Boston, Mass. 10.00
ee . $167.75
e
ee CC EIR.
EXPERIMENTS UPON THE EFFECT OF COLD .APPLIED TO CHRYS- ALIDS OF BUTTERFLIES.
BY WILLIAM HENRY EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.
1. In May 1878, I placed many chrys- alids of Papilio ajax, from eggs laid by form walshii, in the ice box. The youngest were aged but 10 to 15 minutes after pu- pation and were still soft ; others were add- ed at intervals up to the age of 24 hours (the chrysalis is hard at about 12 hours), and others yet at 2 days, 3 days and so on to 8 days after pupation. All were re- moved from the box on the same day. The exposure had been from 19 to 5 days, those chrysalids which were put in latest gener- ally having had the shortest exposure. I wished to determine, if possible, whether, in order to effect any change, it was neces- sary that cold should be applied immediate- ly after pupation, or if one or several days might intervene between pupation and ic- - ing. Inasmuch asno color begins to show itself in the pupa till a few hours, or at most a day or two, before the butterfly emerges, I thought it possible that cold applied shortly before that time might be quite as effective as if applied earlier, and particularly very soon after pupation. The result was that more than half the young- est and immature chrysalids died; one which had been exposed at 10 minutes
after pupation, two at 1 hour, one at 2 hours, two at 3 hours. On the other hand, one exposed at 15 minutes, one at 2 hours, and one at 12 hours, produced butterflies. The temperature was from 32° to 34° F. [0° to 1° C.] most of the time, rising some- what daily as the ice melted. The nor- mal chrysalis period in this species is from 11 to 14 days, in case the butterfly emerges the same season, but now aud then a single butterfly will emerge several weeks after pupation. The latter is an uncommon oc- currence, however, as usually the chrysa- lids which do not give imagos within 14 days retain them till the following spring. The form which would naturally emerge the first season from these chrysalids is marcellus, but all the overwintering chrys-, alids would produce telamonides or walshii, which latter are the winter forms of the species. If then, from the chrysalids sub- jected to cold, the winter form should emerge the same season, it would be owing to the exposure to cold.
On the 14th day after taking the chrysa- lids from the ice, one telamonides emerged, from a chrysalis placed in the ice box 3 days after pupation, and kept there 16 days.
4 PSYCHE.
On the 19th day, emerged one telamonides, or a form between that and walshii, from a chrysalis put in the box 12 hours after pu- On the 19th day emerged one walshii, from chrys- alis 2 hours old, and on ice 11 days. All the rest emerged unchanged marcellus, but at periods prolonged in a surprising way : —
pation and kept there 11 days.
One on 43d day, exposed at 15 minutes. One on 46th day, exposed at 2 hours. One on 53d day, exposed at 24 hours. One on 62d day, exposed at 6 days. One on 63d day, exposed at 4 days. One on 66th day, exposed at 7 days. One on 77th day, exposed at 4 days. One on 81st day, exposed at 12 hours. One on 91st day, exposed at 5 days. One on 96th day, exposed at 19 hours. Five chrysalids lived over until the spring of 1879, when all produced tela- monides.
2. In June 1879, I obtained eggs of the form marcellus, and in due time had from them 104 chrysalids. I placed about one third, or 35, in the ice box, at from 12 to 24 hours after pupation, dividing them into three lots: 1st, 9 chrysalids, kept on ice 14 days; 2nd, 12 chrysalids, 20 days ; 3d, 11 chrysalids, 25 days. and conditions the same as. in experiment No. 1.
Of the 69 chrysalids not exposed to cold, 34 gave butterflies at from 11 to 14 days after pupation, and one additional example emerged 11 Aug., or at least 22 days past the regular period. I reserved these chrys- alids that I might be able to compare the butterflies from these with the butterflies from the same lot of eggs, but whose chrys- alids were iced.
Of the chrysalids on ice, from lot No. 1,
Temperature
emerged 4 9 at 84 to 9$ days after removal from the ice, and 5 are now living and will pass the winter. From lot No. 2, emerged 1 % 5 2, at 8 to 9 days; another ? came out at 40 days, and 5 go over the winter. From lot No. 3, emerged 4 , at 9 to 12 days; another % at 54 days, and 6 were found to be dead.
In this experiment, I wished to see, as exactly as possible: 1st, in what points changes would occur; 2d, if there would be any change in the shape of the wings, as well as in markings and coloration, — that is, whether the shape might remain that of marcellus, while the markings might be of telamonides or walshii, or a summer form with winter markings — (in previous experiments I had not noted this point so carefully as I wished now to do); 3d, to ascertain more closely than I had yet done what length of exposure to cold was re- quired to bring about a decided change, and what would be the effect of prolonging that period. After my experiments with Phyciodes tharos, as shown in Butterflies of N. A., v. 2, and which had resulted in a suffusion of color, I hoped that I might see a similar change in Papilio ajax, brought about either by the low temperature or pro- longed exposure.
I obtained from these chrysalids 11 per- fect butterflies, 1 6 10 2. Some others emerged crippled, and these I rejected, as it was not possible to make out their mark- ings satisfactorily. From lot No. 1, 14 days: 1 ¢ between marcellus and tela- monides, 2 2 murcellus. These latter were pale colored, the light parts a dirty white, the submarginal lunules on hind wing only two in number and small, at anal angle one large and one small red spot, and the frontal hairs very short.
_
PSYCHE. 5
The black of the first, or imtermediate, female was also pale, but the light parts were more green and less sordid; there were three large lunules, the anal red spot was double and connected as in telamoni- des, the frontal hairs were short as in marcellus. I find these the most salient points for comparing the several forms of P.ajazx. In nature there is much difference in shape also between marcellus and tela- monides, still more between marcellus and walshii, and the latter may be distinguished readily from telamonides by the white tips of the black tails. In telamonides the white edges both sides of the tail. Walshii is smaller and the anal spot is larger and edged with white on upper side, and the frontal hairs are long and brush-like and black. In marcellus they are very short and with much yellow; in telamonides they are of a length between the other two, black with yellow next the eyes.
From lot No. 2, 20 days, came: 1 2 marcellus, with single red spot; 1 @ between marcellus and telamonides, the colors pale, the lunules all obsolescent, two large red spots but not connected, frontal hairs of medium length, as in telamonides ; 1 2 between marcellus and telamonides, color not pale, but black and green, three lunules, two large red spots, frontal hairs short; 1 @ telamonides, colors black and green, four lunules, a large double and connected red spot, frontal hairs medium ; 2 2 telamonides, colors like last, three and four lunules, two large red spots, not connected, frontal hairs medium.
From lot No 3, 25 days: 1 % telamon- ides, clear colors, four large lunules, one large and one small red spot, frontal hairs long; 1 @ telamonides, of medium color,
four lunules, large double and connected red spot, frontal hairs long.
In general shape all are marcellus, the wings produced, the tails long.
By which it appears that those exposed 25 days were fully changed ; of those ex- posed 20 days, three were fully, two partly changed, and one not at all. Of those ex- posed 14 days, one partly, two not at all.
The butterflies from this lot of 104 chrysalids, but which were not subjected to cold, were put in papers as they emerged. Taking 6 % 6 2 from the papers, as they came to hand, I spread them and compared with the iced examples.
Of the 6 &,4 have one red anal spot only, 2 have one large and one small; 4 have two green submarginal lunules on hind wing, 2 have three, and these latter have a fourth, which is obsolescent, at outer angle ; all have short frontal hairs.
Of the 6 2, 5 have but one red spot, 1 has one large and one small spot; 5 have two lunules only, 1 has three; all have short frontal hairs.
Comparing 6 of the females from the iced chrysalids, being those in which a de- cided change occurred, with the 6 females not iced : —
1. All the former have the colors more intense, the black blacker, the light, green.
2. In 5 of the former the green lunules on hind wings are decidedly larger; 3 of the 6 have four distinct lunules, 1 has three, 1 has three, and a fourth, at outer angle, obsolescent.
Of the 6 not iced, none have four, 2 have two, and a third, being the lowest of the row, obsolescent, 3 have three, the lowest being very small, 1 has three and a fourth, at outer angle, obsolescent.
3. In all the former the subapical spot on fore wing and the stripe on same wing which crosses cell inside the common black band, are distinct and green; in all the latter these marks are either obscure or obsolescent.
4. In4of the former there is a large double and connected red spot at anal angle, and in 1 of them it is edged on its upper side by white ; 2 have one large and one small red spot. Of the latter, 5 have one spot only, and the 6th has one spot and a red dot.
5. The former have all the black por- tions of the wing of deeper color but of less extent—the bands being narrower; on the other hand, the green bands are wider as well as deeper and clearer colored. Measuring the width of the outermost common green band along middle of upper median interspace on fore wing in tenths of a millimetre, I find it as follows : —
On iced chrysalids, 81, 66, 76, 76, 66, 66.
On not iced, 56, 56, 51, 51, 46, 51.
Measuring the common black discal band along middle of lower median inter- space on same wing : —
On the iced, 51, 66, 51, 51, 56, 61.
On the not iced, 76, 71, 66, 63, 71, 76.
In other words, the natural examples are more melanic than the others.
I find no difference in length of tails or in the length and breadth of the wings. The cold has produced no effect in the shape of the wings.
Comparing 1 male from the iced chrys- alids with the 6 males not iced : —
1. The former is bright colored; 2 of the latter are the same, 4 have the black pale, the light pale and sordid.
2. The former has four lunules; 3 of the latter have three, 3 have two only.
PSYCHE.
3. The former has a large double con- nected red anal spot, edged with white; 3 of the latter have but one red spot, 2 have one large and one small spot, 1 has one large red spot and a red dot.
4. The former has the subapical spot and stripe in cell clear green; 1 of the lat- ter has the same, 5 have these obscure or obsolescent.
Looking over all, of both sexes, in both lots, the iced and not iced, the largeness of the green submarginal lunules on fore wings in the iced examples is conspicuous as compared with all the others, — though this feature is included in the general wid- ening of the green bands spoken of.
In all my experiments at any time made with P. ajax, if any change at all has been produced by cold, it is seen in the enlarg- ing or doubling of the red anal spot, and in the increased number of clear green lunules on hind wings. Almost always the frontal hairs are lengthened, the color of the wings deepened. So also the extent of the black area is diminished. All these changes are in the direction of telamo- nides, or the winter form.
That the effect of cold is not simply to precipitate the emerging of the winter form, making the butterfly which would naturally leave its chrysalis in the succeed- ing spring to emerge in the season in which it fed as a caterpillar, is evident from the fact that the shape is always that of the summer form, while the markings are of the winter form. Those chrysalids which go over the winter, on the other hand, do not have the summer form, but the winter, and the markings agreeing thereto, just as in examples in nature. On these the cold has produced no effect whatever. (To be continued on p. 15.)
PSYCHE. 7
PSYCHE.
JANUARY
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., 1880.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies should be addressed to EDITORS OF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass. Communications for publication in PSYCHE must be properly authenticated, and no anonymous articles will be published.
Editors and contributors are only responsible for the statements made in their own communications.
Works on subjects not related to entomology will not be reviewed in PSYCHE. :
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INTRODUCTORY.
THE THIRD volume of Psycue will ap- pear in the form in which this numero is given to the public. With the improve- ments which this change of form admits in the BrstioGRAPHICAL RECORD, and the increased amount of matter presented to the public in each numero, the editors hope to make Psycue still more acceptable than it has been heretofore to its readers.
Although the Campripce EnTromo.oert- cau Crus, of which Psycue is the official organ, is a society bearing a local name, its members are chosen without local limi- tation, and Psycue will endeavor to repre- sent the interests of scientific entomology wherever pursued, and to advance, impar- tially, the welfare of all societies having the same objects in view.
Systematic or descriptive, and economic entomology are fields so well occupied al- ready by other American entomological publications, that Psycue is justified in de- voting itself, as heretofore, to the general anatomy and physiology of arthropoda and
to bibliographical and biological entomol- ogy. Faunal lists, heretofore sparingly admitted in Psycue, will hereafter be ex- cluded, not because they lack in value, but because they are of no interest to the ma- jority of the readers to whom Psycue pro- poses to address itself.
More attention than heretofore will be given in Psycue to items concerning the latest scientific discoveries in entomology, the proceedings of societies, and the doings of entomologists. Brief items, and con- densed abstracts of the proceedings of sci- entific societies in all parts of the world, so far as they are related to general entomol- ogy, would be thankfully received by the editors. Official notices of the times of meetings of entomological societies will be inserted in our column devoted to that pur- pose, free of charge.
The Brsri0oGRAPHICAL ReEcorD, in con- sequence of the new arrangement, will contain yearly about three times as many references as heretofore, and these will be given ina much more convenient form. It will be compiled by a larger number of workers, guided by printed rules to secure uniformity, and will be much more com- plete than any similar record ever before attempted. In order to perfect this record the editors respectfully request copies of miscellaneous papers containing entomol- ogical articles that would naturally other- wise be overlooked. Ga:
ANNOUNCEMENT.
_ Tue Fepruary numero of Psycue will contain a list, complete as the editors can make it, of the entomological writers who have died during the year 1879. G. D.
8 [1447-1453]
PSYCHE.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD,
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as published. The date of publication, given in brackets [], marks the time at which the work was received, unless an earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor.
A colon after initial designates the most common given name, as :
A: Augustus; B: Benjamin; C:
Charles; D: David; E: Edward ; F: Frederic ; G: George ; H: Henry ; I: Isaac ; J: John; K: Karl;
L: Louis ; M: Mark; N: Nicholas; O: Otto; P: Peter; R: Richard; S: Samuel ; The initials at the end of each record, or note, are those of the recorder, and will be explained at the Unless otherwise stated each record is made directly from the work that is noticed.
liam. end of each volume.
T: Thomas ; W: Wil-
When there are not sufficient titles of current papers to fill the space allotted to the Record, earlier ento- mological publications will be recorded. In this way it is expected to include, finally, in the Record, all titles of papers not included in Hagen’s Bibliotheca entomologica, which treat of North American or general entomology, and all papers on entomology published in North America.
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
The tsetse fly.
African insect scourge (The). y. 10, p. 74-75,
(Journ. applied sci., May 1879,
52 cm.) Notice. (Psyche advert., July 1879, p. 7-8.) Habits of glossina morsitans, mostly compiled from the works of Dr. David Livingstone. G: (1447) Ashmead, W: H. On a new psocus. (Can. entom., Dec. 1879, v. 11, p. 228-229.) Describes ps. citricola n. sp. ; habits of ne. B: P.M. (1448)
|Blatta orientalis used for dropsy.] (New
remedies, March 1879, v. 8, p. 67, 6 cm.) (Psyche advert., May-June 1879, p. 8.) G: D. (1449)
Blue grasshoppers. (“Esmeralda herald,” .. .) ({D.] times-review, Tuscarora, Elko Co., Nev., 17 Sept. 1879, v. 4, no. 67, p. [8], col.
34, 5 cm.)
Occurrence of locusts ‘‘ with wings and the under part
of the body of a pale blue or lavender color ”’ at Esmeralda, Nev. B: P.M. (1450)
Brandt, Eduard. Ueber die Metamorphosen des Nervensystems der Insecten. Mit 2 pho- tolithographirten Tafeln. Separatabdruck aus den “ Horae societatis entomologicae ros- sicae.” Bd. xv, 1879. St. Petersburg, 1879. t.-p. cover, 11 p., 25 X 17, t 18 X 10.8, pl. 5-6, dl X 21.
A general and comparative view of the metamorphoses of the nervous system of insects of the different orders. The author’s researches were upon ‘*62”’ species of insects, distributed as follows: hymenoptera, oes coleoptera, 12; lepidoptera, 8; diptera, 12; archiptera, 2; neuroptera, 1: Literature 119 ¢ titles). Figures the metamorphoses of the nervous system in sarcophaga carnaria, syrphus ribesii, stratiomys chamaeleon, melolontha vulgaris, acilius sulca- tus, and formica rufa. ~ G: D. (1451)
Brandt, Eduard. Untersuchungen iiber das Nervensystem der Dipteren. |Separatabdruck aus den “‘ Horae societatis entomologicae ros- sicae.” Bd. xiv., 1879.] St. Petersburg, 1879. 4 p., 25 X 16, t 18 X 10.8, pl. 1-4.
A brief summary of the results recorded in E. Brandt’s “*Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen tiber das Ner- vensystem der Zweifliigler (Diptera).”’ G: D. (1452)
Brandt, Eduard. Vergleichend-anatomische Skizze des Nervensystems der Insekten. Mit 2 photolithographirten Tafeln. Separatab- druck aus den “ Horae societatis entomologi- cae rossicae.” Bd. xv [? xiv], 1879. St. Pe- tersburg, 1879. t-p. cover, 17 p., 25 17, t 18 X 10.8, pl. 3-4.
Distribution of nerves and ganglia. Some insects have no infraoesophageal ganglia. Convolutions of the brain are found in every order of insects, and sometimes differ between individuals of the same species. The size of the supraoesophageal ganglion is very different in different in- sects, and is larger the more the faceted eyes are developed. It is incorrect to call the supraoesophageal ganglia alone the brain; the development shows that the supraoesopha- geal and infracesophageal ganglia, together, form the brain, or head-portion of the nervous system. The nerves of the labrum do not arise from the under surface of the supra- oesophageal ganglion, but from the oesophageal ring. Dis- tribution of the thoracic and abdominal ganglia. The number of ganglia differ, not only in different species but also in the different individuals of a species, according to sex. The last abdominal ganglion is not, in all insects, the most complicated; the penultimate is often the most com- plicated abdominal ganglion (e. g., in the worker of apis mellijica); the first is the most complicated abdominal ganglion in some insects (e. g.,in carabus). No insect, vor larva, has as many nerve-ganglia as it has body-segments ; only in embryos do the number of body-segments and ganglia agree. Sympathetic system. Classification and explanation of the principal types of nerve-systems in em- bryos, in larvae, andinimagos. Morphological signification of different ganglia. Literature (44 titles). Illustrates the different types of nerve-system by 25 schematic figures ; figures the nerve-systems of bombus muscorum and apis mellifica. G: D. (1458)
PSYCHE.
Brandt, Eduard. Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen iiber das Nervensystem der Hemipteren. Mit 1 photolithographirten Ta- fel. Separatabdruck aus den “Horae socie- tatis entomologicae rossicae.” Bd. xiv, 1879. St. Petersburg, 1879. t.-p. cover, 10 p., 25 X 17, t 18 X 10.8, pl. 4, 31 X 21.
General characters, development, and classification into
5 types, of the nervous system of hemiptera, based on the
study of 70 species. Literature (17 titles). Figures the nervous system of 11 species. G: D. (1454)
Brandt, Eduard. Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen iiber das Nervensystem der Hymenopteren. Mit 1 [4] photolithographir- ten Tafel[n]. Separatabdruck aus den “ Horae societatis entomologicae rossicae.” Bd. xiv, 1879. St. Petersburg, 1879. t.-p. cover, 20 p., 25 X 17, t 18 X 10.8, pl. 7-10.
General characters, development, and classification into 10 types, of the nervous system of hymenoptera, based on the study of 260 species, of 31 larvae, and of its metamor- phoses in 15 species. Literature (46 titles). Figures the nervous system of 10 species, its metamorphoses in 2 spe- cies, and gives 13 figures of much enlarged separate por- tions. G: D. (1455) Brandt, Eduard. Vergleichend-anatomische
Untersuchungen iiber das Nervensystem der
Kifer, Coleoptera. Mit 5 photolithographirten
Tafeln. Separatabdruck aus den “ Horae so-
cietatis entomologicae rossicae.” Bd. xy, 1879.
St. Petersburg, 1879. t.-p. cover, 17 p., 25 X
17, t 18 x 10.8, pl. 10-12.
General characters, development, and classification into 4 types, of the nervous system of coleoptera, based upon a study of 235 species, of 36 species in the larval, and 12 in the pupal state. Literature (43 titles). Figures the ner- vous system of 24 species, of 3 larvae, and its metamor- phoses in 2 species. G: D. (1456)
Brandt, Eduard. Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen iiber das Nervensystem der Lepidopteren. Mit 1 photolithographirten Ta- fel. Separatabdruck aus den “ Horae socie- tatis entomologicae rossicae.” Bd. xy, 1879. St. Petersburg, 1879. t.-p. cover, 16 p., 25 x 17, t 18 x 10.8, pl. 14, 87 X 31.
General characters, development, classification into 4 types, and characters in the principal families, of the ner- yous system of lepidoptera, based upon a study of 118 spe- cies, of 42 larvae, and its metamorphoses in 8 species. Lit- erature (81 titles). Figures the nervous system of odonestis
tatoria J, orgyia antiqua 2, zygaena trifolii 9, hepiolus
umuli 2, of young and of full-grown larva of cossus ligni-
perda; its metamorphoses in vanessa urticae. G: D. (1457) Brandt, Eduard. Vergleichend-anatomische
Untersuchungen iiber das Nervensystem der
Zweifliigler, Diptera. Mit 4 photolithograph-
irten Tafeln. Separatabdruck aus den “ Ho-
rae societatis entomologicae rossicae.” Bd.
xv, 1879. St. Petersburg, 1879. t.-p. cover,
18 p., 25 X 17, t 18 X 10.8, pl. 15-18.
General characters, development, characters in different families, and classification into 6 types, of the nervous system of diptera, based upon a study of 275 species, of 29 species in the larval and of 12 in the pupal state. Fig- ures the nervous system of 26 species, of 5 larvae, and its metamorphoses in 7 species. The results are given more briefly in E. Brandt’s *‘ Untersuchungen iiber das Nerven- system der Dipteren.”’ G: D. (1458)
‘
[1454-1469] 9
Brous, Harry A. Habits of amblychila cylin- driformis. (Trans. Kansas acad. sci., 1877, v. 5, p. 11-12, fig.)
Includes description and figure. G: D. (1459)
Castor-oil plant [ricinus communis] (The). (Colonies and India, 5 April 1879, suppl., p. 2,
21 cm.) Statement (1 cm.) that bombyx arrindi requires ricinus for food. G: D. (1460)
Ceylon coffee blight [hemileia vastatrir| (The). (Colonies and India, 11 Jan. 1879, p. 13,28 cm.) Quotes (3.5 cm.) remarks by Joseph Dalton Hcoker upon the conditions furnished by cultivation of plants for the
spread of noxious insects. [Hemileia is a fungus. ] G: D. (1461)
Clothes moth (The). (Journ. applied sci., Feb. 1879, v. 10, p. 25-26, 57 cm.) Habits and transformations of tinea tapetzella, t. bisell- iella (or t. crinella), and t. pellionella. Reprinted from The warehouseman. G: D. (1462)
Edwards, W: H: [Danais archippus swarm- ing.]| (Can. entom., Dec. 1879, v. 11, p. 239.) Quotes a statement from A. H. Mundt that large num-
bers of d. archippus remained congregated on the branches
of a tree for some days in Sept. 1879, at Fairbury, Ill.
B: P. M. (1463)
Edwards, W: H: Description of a new spe- cies of pamphila. (Can. entom., Dec. 1879, v. 11, p. 238-239.)
Describes p. dion n. sp. B: P. M. (1464) Edwards, W:H: On the larval habits of lim-
enitis arthemis, with its co-form proserpina, and also of J. disippus. From advance sheets of part 8, vol. 2, of Butterflies of North America. (Can. entom., Dec. 1879, v. 11, p. 224-228.) Food-plants and method of constructing the hibernacula. B: P. M. (1465) Entomological society of Ontario — Mon- treal branch. |6th annual general meeting, and report of the council.| (Can. entom., Dee. 1879, v. 11, p. 229-251.) Proceedings, election of officers, annual report. B: P. M. (1466) Freeman, F: The history of Cape Cod [Mass.]: the annals of Barnstable county and of its several towns, including the district of Mashpee. 2v., Bost., [1860-1864]. Each v. 803 Peeve loeb lie <ou.o: Describes (v. 1, p. 524, foot-note) the French soldiers, in the American camp at West Point, during the Revolution,
roasting and eating grasshoppers. This foot-note is quoted in Psyche advertiser, July 1879, p. 9-10. G: D. (1467)
Grasshopper raid in Shasta. (“Yreka jour- nal,” 6 Aug. 1879.) (Weekly bulletin, San Francisco, Cal., 14 Aug. 1879, v. 24, no. 29,...
6 cm.) Ravages of locusts near Shasta, Cal. 2B: P. M. (1468)
Grasshoppers and the dairy farmers. (“Truckee republican,” 6 Aug. 1879,...) (Weekly bulletin, San Francisco, Cal., 14 Aug. 1879, v. 24, no. 29,..., 7 cm.)
The ravages of locusts in the mountains and valleys around Truckee, Cal., have obliged the ae to seek new pastures for their cattle. B: P. M. (1469)
10 [1470-1487]
Grote, A: Radcliffe. The species of erotyla, spragueia, fruva, xanthoptera, exyra and prothy- mia. (Can. entom., Dec. 1879, vy. 11, p. 231- 238.)
Describes the neuration of most of the species, with de-
scriptive and synonymical notes ; catalog of the species. B: P.M. (1470)
Hagen, Hermann August. Among the bugs. A forenoon with an entomologist. Interesting facts about insects in general and one in par-
. ticular. (Bost. evening journ., 11 July 1879, y. 46, no. 15283, p. [1], col. 6-7, 96 em.) Account of a visit to Dr. Hagen, at the Museum of com-
parative zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; habits of anthrenus scrophulariae, and means against it. B: P.M. (1471)
Hagen, Hermann August. Museum pests. (Journ. applied sci., June 1879, vy. 10, p. 90-91, 104 em.)
Reprint of the author’s ‘* Museum pests observed in the entomological collection at Cambridge [Mass.] ’’ [PsycHe, Rec., no. 1473], g. v. G: D. (1472)
Hagen, Hermann August. Museum pests ob- served in the entomological collection at Cam- bridge |Mass.]. (Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hist., Jan. [5 Feb.] 1879, v. 20, p. 56-62.)
Abstract. (Nature, 29 May 1879, v. 20, p. 106, 17 cm.)
Reprint, entitled, “ Museum-pests.” (Journ. applied sci., June 1879, v. 10, p. 90-91, 104 cm.) Treats of species of dermestes, attagenus, anthrenus, pti-
nus, tribolium, sylvanus, tinea, atropus, clothilla, an acarus
(probably tyroglyphus), psocus and oecophora; compares
the ravages of insects in European with those in American
collections. G: D. (1473)
Hagen, Hermann August. The yellow fever fly. (Boston d. advertiser, 21 July 1879, no 22121, v. 133, no. 173, p. [1], col. 3.) Information sought about a fly which appears at the
times of outbreak of yellow fever in the southern United States. B: P. M. (1474)
Heustis, Caroline Eliza. [Papilio thoas.] (Can. entom., Dec. 1879, v. 11, p. 239-240.) Dates of pupation and imagination of p. thoas in New Brunswick. BEM, Alaa)
Insect pest to the fruit crop of Santa Clara Valley (An). (“San Jose times,” 10 Aug. 1879.) (Weekly bulletin, San Francisco, Cal., 14 Aug. 1879, v. 24, no. 29,...,17 cm.)
Also entitled, ‘‘ A pest to the apple and pear crop of the Santa Clara valley.’’ The ‘‘red scale louse ”’ or ‘‘red scale,”’ first noticed near San Jose, Cal., 3 or 4 years ago, supposed to have been imported on Sicily oranges, very destructive to apple trees and pear trees ; its habits ; means of destroy- ing it. Carpocapsa pomonella, recently imported, also destructive. B: P. M. (1476)
Moffat, J. Alston. [Papiiio thoas.] (Can. en- tom., Dec. 1879, v. 11, p. 240.)
P. thoas feeding on dictamnus fraxinella at Hamilton,
Ont. B: P.M. (A477)
Morris, Ernest. Insect pests of the Amazon. (Charlestown [Mass.] news, 17 May 1879, y. 1, no. 37,..., 42 cm.)
Mention of the personal annoyances caused by insects in the valley of the Amazon. B: P.M. (1478)
means of opposing the midge.
PSYCHE.
Niin insect of Yucatan (The). (Journ. applied sci., Feb. 1879, v. 10, p. 24-25, 89 cm.) Abstract. (Colonies and India, 26 Apr. 1879, p. 9, 15 em.) Notice. (Psyche advert., March 1879, p. 8.)
Chemical nature, source, and uses as drying oil and as waterproof varnish, of niin, the secretion of an insect supposed to be allied to coccus cochinillifera. Facts on the authority of Dr. Arthur Schott, of the scientific commis- sion of Yucatan. G; D. (1479)
Notes on commercial drugs and chemicals. (New remedies, June 1879, vy. 8, p. 164-165, 55 cm.)
Brief commercial notes on blatta orientalis as a remedy for dropsy (3 cm.), and on insect powder from chrysanthe- mum and pyrethrum (3 em.), with its great advance in price early in 1879. G: D. (1480)
Oil-producing insect (A new). (Colonies and India, 26 April 1879, p. 9, 15 em.) Notes on niin, the fatty product of a species of coccus. See ‘‘ Niin insect of Yucatan.”’ G: D. (1481)
Plague of locusts in Russia (A). (“London times.”) (Weekly bulletin, San Francisco, Cal., 14 Aug. 1879, v. 24, no. 29, ... 11 cm.)
A little about the ravages of locusts, and more about other subjects. B: P. M. (1482)
Plant-producing caterpillar of New Zea- land (The). (Colonies and India, 11 Jan. 1879,
p- 9, 12 cm.) (Journ. applied sci., Feb. 1879, p. 23-24, 13 cm.) Notice. (Psyche advert., March 1879, p. 8.)
Growth of sphaeria robertsii from larva of he vires- cens. :D. (1483)
Reeling silk by electricity. India, 11 Jan. 1879, p. 72, 4 cm.) The breaking of a single filament of silk breaks a current
of electricity, and, by suitable alarms, warns an attendant. From The electrician. G: D, (1484)
(Colonies and
“ROOT, L.C. Quinby’s new bee-keeping : mysteries of bee-keeping explained; combining results of fifty years’ experience, with latest discoveries and inventions, and presenting most approved methods; forming complete guide to successful bee-culture. N. Y., Orange Judd co., 1879. 270 p., por., D. il. cl., $1.50.
“Ist ed. of [M.] Quinby’s work appeared 1866; just be- fore his death he was contemplating a new edition present- ing new methods and processes tested and adopted by him. L.C. Root, his son-in-law, who was perfectly familiar with his later views, embodies them here, besides giving the results of his own experience.’’ —Title-slip registry, May [June] 1879, v. 1, p. 45. (1485)
Rural (pseud.). The wheat midge. (Ells- worth [Me.] American, 4 Sept. 1879, no. 1281, y. 25, no. 36, p. [4], col. 1, 45 em.)
Practical statement of the differences between the wheat midge (cecidomyia tritici) the Hessian fly (ec. de-
structor) and the wheat weevil (sitophilus granarius) ; B: P. M. (1486)
Saunders, W: Entomology for beginners. (Can. entom., Dec. 1879, y. 11, p. 221-228, fig. 13-14.)
Proposal to prepare a series of articles adapted especially to beginners; figures dytiscus harrisii and hydrophilus triangularis, describes the former; habits of the former and of h. piceus of Europe. B: P.M. 1(487)
PSYCHE. 11
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
THE INDEX of volume 2 of Psycun, which requires considerable care and time in its prepar- ation, will be forwarded to all subscribers to that volume as soon as it is printed.
Tue Doxtrus prize of the Entomological So- ciety of France was awarded last year to MM. Mulsant and Rey for their Histoire naturelle des coléopteres de France.
THe Liprary of the Cambridge Entomologi- cal Club has been placed in the charge of Mr. C. C. Eaton, of Cambridge, Mass., for whose zealous and punctual labors the members of the club have reason to be thankful.
Mr. G. Dimmocxk left America, 26 July 1879, for Europe, and may be addressed at Leipzig, Germany, for the season of 1879-1880. Upon business connected with Psycur, he may be addressed at Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A.
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Cambridge En- tomological Club will be held at 19 Follen St., at 7.45 p. m., on the days following :—
9 Jan. 1880. 9 April 1880. 13 Feb. ,, 14 May ,, 12 Mar. ,, 11 June ,,
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological Section of the Boston Society of Natural History will be held at N. W. corner of Berkeley and Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45 p.m., on the days following : —
28 Jan. 1880. 28 Apr. 1880. 25 Feb. ,, 26 May ,, 24 Mar. ,,
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary.
THE ANNUAL meetings of the Entomological Section of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science will begin at 2 p. m., on Tuesday, 24 Aug. 1880, at a place yet to be de- termined, in Boston, Mass. Members who intend to present communications that may provoke discussion are requested to allow the Secretary to announce their subjects, in order that other members may come ready to enter into a thor- ough discussion.
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary, Cambridge, Mass.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at S. W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., on the days following : —
9 Jan. 1880. 9 Apr. 1880. 13 Feb. ,, 14 May ,, 12 Mar. ,, 11 June ,,
James H. Ripines, Recorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the American Entomological Society will be held at S. W. cor- ner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., on the days following : —
8 Dec. 1879. 14 June 1880. James H. RipinGs, Recording Secretary. ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the 10th of the month preceding the one in which they are to appear.
GALLS AND GALL INSECTS.
The undersigned desires, either by exchange or otherwise, Galls from all parts of the United States. He is especially interested in those made by Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera and Diptera. Correspondence in reference to Gall growths, or other vegetable abnormities, is invited.
CHARLES V. RILEY, Washington, D, C.
FOR SALE.
Zuphium americanum, Thalpius dorsalis and pyg- maeus, Dynastes tityus, Megalosoma elephas male, (body 12.7 em. long by 5.2 cm. wide), Sandalus ni- ger, Goes tigrina, Goes tessellata, Ptychodes vittata, Phyton pallidum, Pteroplatus variabilis (sallei), Cal- lichroma splendidum, Leptura erythroptera, Plectro- dera scalator, Acanthrocinus nodosus, Cylas formica- rius, Ischnocerus infuscatus, and all other Louisiana coleoptera, at reasonable rates. Apply to
WILLIAM MISCHE, 350 St. Peter St.. New Orleans, La.
NORTH AMERICAN FERNS.
Check lists of the Ferns of North America north of Mexico, enumerating 31 genera, 132 species and 15 varieties. on one octavo page. Will be sent by mail on receipt of the price, 15 cents per dozen copies. ; S. STEBBINS, Springfield, Mass.
12 PSYCHE.
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No, 1.—40 on a sheet.
Blank Labels for Insects, of the sizes annexed, printed in red, on good quality of paper, at two cents a sheet, or sixty sheets for a dollar.
Address B: PICKMAN MANN, Cambridge, Mass.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North American TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the pur- pose of studying this family. I shall be glad to name and return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to me for this purpose, save such as may prove new and desirable to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to PROF. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
PUBLISHED FORTNIGHTLY. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (postrain), M 6.50 = $1.62.
Entomologische Nachrichten, VI. Jahrg. 1880.
Herausgegeben von Dr. F. Katter.
Baron v. Harold, Entomological Museum of Berlin, says of this magazine :—
“Tt is a complete repository of interesting and instruc- tive notices ; of practical directions for collecting, observ- ing, and preparing specimens; of proposals for exchange and sale of insects ; of literary information and notices of books; and correspondence. In short, it has proved itself the special organ for the encouragement and progress of the Science of Entomology.”
May be obtained of all booksellers ; and from
the publisher, A. DOSE,
PUTBUS A. RUGEN, GERMANY.
Back volumes may be had from the same, 1875 4 2.50 M; 1877 43 M; 187845 M; 1879 46.50 M.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American lep- idoptera bought or exchanged for other species, by Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat de la Société d’Acclimatation de France ),
110 Clapham Road, London, S. W., England.
No. 64 was issued 9 Aug. 1879.
NOTICE.
Copies of this numero of PsycHE will be sent to a large number of entomologists in Europe and America, in order to show its change of form. Psycne, although the organ of a club having a local name, will continue to be devoted to general rather than to local entomology. Its editors solicit communications from entomologists in all parts of the world on the general anatomy, physiology and biology of insects ; also arti- cles, items, and brief accounts of the pro- ceedings of societies, so far as they are of general interest. Communications may be sent in French or German, and will be translated into English for publication.
The Bibliographical Record will be pre- pared by co-operative labor, and the assist- ance of additional willing helpers is de- sired. Persons who give assistance will be furnished with printed instructions.
{= European exchanges and communi- cations will receive more immediate atten- ion by being addressed to
GEORGE Divmock,
Leipzig, Germany.
NATURAL HISTORY AGENCY.
The undersigned has for sale Entomologists’ ma- terials of all kinds, Insects, and Entomological books.
Collections of insects for beginners or for schools furnished at reasonable rates. Several large collections of American and foreign insects, principally Coleoptera, for sale cheap.
Books and materials in other branches of Nat- ural History procured for parties at a distance, at the lowest prices.
Lists of books, specimens, etc., sent for 10 cents.
E: P. AUSTIN. 46 East Newton St, Boston, Mass.
Poy Cre,
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[Established in 1874. ]
EDITED BY
Gerorce Dimmocx, Cambridge, Mass.; B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge, ALBERT J: Coox, Lansing, Mich.; Ciirrorp CHAse Eaton, Cambridge, Mass.
Vol. 3. No. 70.
FrEeBruary 1880.
Mass. ;
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS — Acknowledgments ‘ , : 14 EXPERIMENTS UPON THE EFFECT OF CoLD (Ais cigeat TO eaees ALIDS OF Evmeweens
— W: H: Edwards 15-19 PROCEEDINGS OF apenas ei aicrncla staal ee of Tein Cambridce Entomol-
egical Club . 20 BiIBLioGRAPHICAL REcoRD : 21-22 Enromoxrocicat Items — Society Mesins 23 ADVERTISEMENTS . 24
CamprinGe, Mass., U. S. A.: PusiisHep sy George Dimmock.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $1. MONTHLY NUMEROS, 16 c.
[Entered as second class mail matter.]
14
PSYCHE.
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ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MATERIALS FOR SALE.
Klaeger’s best Insect-pins, 36 mm. long, no. 00-5; 39 mm. long, no. 00-7. Per 1000: no. 2-6, $1.10; oth- ers, $1.20. Per 5000, $5.00 and $5.50. Other sorts on hand or to order. Pins sold at these rates only in packages of 500; smaller lots, 20 cts. per 100; sam- ples, 6 cts.
Double boxes, for storing, 10 25 & 35 em., 45 ets. Light mailing boxes, 17 & 22 em., and half and quar- ter size, 10, 8, 6 cts.
Cork in sheets 30 X 8.5 X 0.5 em., 12 cts. per sheet, $1.00 per 10 sheets.
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Blank labels, red-bordered, 2214 mm., 35 ets. per 1000; 27K 12 mm., 45 cts. per 1000. A set of 100 generic and 586 specific labels, printed on above blanks, for United States and Canadian butterflies, complete to 1876, $1.00. Twelve sheets of printed labels, containing the names of the North Ameri- can States and Territories, of months, and signs for sexes, 2 cts. a sheet, and 2 cts. postage.
Photographs of Prodryas, the first known North American fossil butterfly; of the anatomy of the upper and of the under side of Harpalus caliginosus, and of the under side of Lucanus cervus: each 50 cts.
Transportation on pins and labels, prepaid; on other goods extra.
B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass.
EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES WANTED.
The undersigned desires to obtain, by exchange or otherwise, from all parts of the world, eggs, caterpillars and chrysalids of Diurnal Lepidop- tera. Dried specimens are preferred, especially of caterpillars, which should be prepared by in- flation. Correspondence is invited with persons engaged in the study of the early stages of butter-
flies. S. H. SCUDDER, Cambridge, Mass.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The Cambridge Entomological Club gratefully acknowledges the receipt of the following contri- butions, to the permanent publication fund.
Previously acknowledged, . -.. $167:75 From G: H: Horn, Philadelphia, Pa. 5.30 -
Total, - $178.05
Pee ORT TE:
EXPERIMENTS UPON THE EFFECT OF COLD APPLIED TO CHRYS- ALIDS OF BUTTERFLIES.
BY WILLIAM HENRY EDWARDS, COALBURGH, W. VA.
(Continued from p. 6.)
With every experiment, however similar the conditions seem to be, and are intended to be, there is a difference in results, and at present the reason therefor does not ap- pear. For example, in 1878, the first but- terfly emerged on 14th day after removal from the ice, the period being exactly what it is at its longest in this species in nature, with an occasional exception. Others emerged at 19 days and several at inter- vals up to the 96th day after ice. In 1879, the emergence began at 8 days, and by 12 days all which came out this year had appeared, except three belated indi- viduals at 22,40 and 50 days. In previous experiments, no matter what the species, the butterflies had not emerged till after the natural period of the chrysalis had passed, after removal from the ice. In this one, either the cold had not fully sus- pended the changes which the pupa under- goes in the chrysalis, or these changes were hastened by some other cause after the chrysalids were taken from the ice. In the first experiment, apparently, the changes were absolutely suspended as long as the cold remained.
It might be supposed that the application of heat to the overwintering chrysalids would precipitate the appearance of the summer form of P. ajaz, or change the butterflies suv that while they had the shape of telamonides they should have the color- ation of marcellus. But I have not found I have been in the habit, for several years, of placing the chrysalids
this to occur.
in a warm room or in the greenhouse, early in the winter, so causing the butterflies to emerge in February, instead of in March and April, as they would otherwise do. But the winter form has invariably emerged from such chrysalids.
3. In June 1879, I obtained eggs of Grapta interrogationis, laid by form wm- brosa, in confinement. As the chrysalids formed, and at intervals of from 6 to 24 hours after pupation, they were placed in the ice box. After 14 days I removed all but five, which were left 6 days longer. Several were dead at the end of the 14 days. ‘Temperature most of the time about 35° F. [1°.7 C.], but a little higher for a few hours each day, as the ice melted, reach-
16 PSYCHE.
ing then 40° to 45° F. [4° to 7°C.]. I obtained from the 14-day lot seven perfect butterflies, 3 & 4 2; from the 20-day lot five, 4 $ 1 2; every one umbrosa; and nearly all had changed in one striking par- In the normal umbrosa, of both sexes, the fore wings on upper side have,
ticular.
on costal margin next inside the broad border of hind margin, and separated from it by a considerable space of fulvous, a dark patch which ends a little below the discoidal nervule ; inside the same border at inuer angle is a similar patch lying on the submedian interspace. two patches, across all the median inter-
Between these
spaces, the ground is fulvous, but very slightly and faintly clouded with black. Indeed, this clouding would usually not be noticed.
I find that in all the four 2 exposed to cold 14 days, there is present a broad biack band crossing the entire wing, continuous, of uniform shade, covering the two patches and intervening space, and almost confluent with the marginal border from end to end, only a streak of obscured fulvous any- where separating band and border. In the other female, being from chrysalis ex- posed 20 days, the band is present, but while broad and covering the space between the patches, it is not so dark as in the other examples, and includes against the border This is like some normal females, and this fe- male, though longest exposed, therefore is essentially unchanged.
In all the males, the patches are diffuse, those at apex almost coalescing with the border. In the three males from the 14- day lot, these patches are connected by a narrow dark band (very different from the
a series of obscured fulvous lunules.
broad band of the females), which occu- pies the same position as the clouding in the normal male, but blackened and some- what diffused. In the four examples from the 20-day lot, this connecting band is scarcely as deep colored and continuous as in the other three. Beyond this change on the submarginal area, whereby a con- spicuous band is created where naturally would be only the two patches and a faint cloudiness over the intervening fulvous space, I see no difference between these examples of both sexes and a long series of natural ones placed beside them, so far as relates to the upper surface.
On the under side, all the males are of the same type, the colors intense. There is considerably more red, both dark and pale, over the whole surface than in the series ofnatural examples ; these latter discovering shades of brown, over which is a bluish or In the females I discover no change on under side.
It appears that 14 days was as effective in producing changes in case of this Grap- ta, asa longer period. In fact, the most decided changes were found to be in the
lilaceous flush.
females exposed least. It appears also that cold will produce change if applied after the chrysalis has hardened. In 1878, I put Grapta chrysalids on ice at from 10 minutes to 6 hours after pupation, and while some were quite soft,—and lost every one of them, although some chrysa- lids of P. ajax in same box, and in part exposed very shortly after pupation, were not injured. It also appears that cold may change certain markings only, and that the females were most susceptible to the influence.
The resulting butterflies were all wm-
PSYCHE. 17
brosa, though both forms of the species might have been expected to appear. In breeding from eggs laid by umbrosa in a former year, I obtained both forms of the butterfly, viz.: 11 wmbrosa and 6 fabri- citi. But from this single experiment it cannot be determined whether any change of form was brought about.
4. In 1877, a lot of eight chrysalids of P. ajax, all under 12-hours from pupa- tion, were put on ice and left there 24 days. (They were placed on top of the ice, but in all later experiments I have placed them under it, in the bottom of the box.) The temperature was irregular, and as I was absent from home nearly all of the time, and had to leave the box in charge of ser- vants, I felt no certainty that the ice had not been supplied irregularly, or that there had not been intervals during which there was no ice in the box. But from these chrysalids there came 5 8 3 @ butterflies. Of these, one was telamonides unquestion- ably, in color and markings; all the rest were between telamonides and marcellus. Two other chrysalids, on ice 23 days, in the box at same time with the above men- tioned eight, gave telamonides. But three more, exposed 26 days, and 1 hour from pupation when placed in the box, all gave unchanged marcellus.
In the box at same time were 6 chrysa- lids of G. interrogationis, and all of them gave unchanged umbrosa.
5. During the same season, 1877, I ex- posed six P. ajaw chrysalids, keeping the temperature as nearly as possible at 33° F. [0.6° C.]. One was 1 hour from pupation, and remained in the box 5 days ; one same
age, remained in box 23? days; three at 3 hours old, for 8 days, and one, age omitted, for 6 days. All these produced marcellus, and therefore they had not been affected by the cold.
6. In 1877, I had placed several chrys- alids of Lycaena pseudargiolus in the ice box, thinking that I might thus obtain the form violacea, which is the winter form of the species. On 8 Aug., 31 days after the chrysalids were removed from the box, a female emerged, in some respects consider- ably unlike either of the forms. The com- mon series of dark streaks and points across the disks was wholly wanting, though the stripes across the ends of cells were pres- ent; and the marginal crescents were large and black — far more conspicuous than is ever seen in the natural pseudargiolus, and still very unlike violacea. The general coloration of both surfaces was that of the usual female pseudargiolus. All the other chrysalids were found to be dead.
In Can. Entom., v. 7, p. 236-240, I gave an account of the first experiments made by me in exposing chrysalids to cold, the subject being P. ajax. The chrysalids were placed in the ice box, but were sub- sequently removed to the ice house and left for two months after forming, but on returning home after a long absence I found the ice had wholly melted. The chrysalids had at first been subjected to a low temperature in the box, but as the ice in the house failed, the temperature had risen so that when I examined the tin cases which had held the chrysalids, many butterflies were found alive therein in a crippled state. About one half the butter-
18
flies that emerged from this lot were com- pletely changed, being telamonides and walshii, and about half the rest were partly changed. It was observed also that the butterflies were generally smaller than the average marcellus. Ihave not been able to subject chrysalids to cold fora very long period, for the reason that ice fails us in midsummer, it having been put up when thin and of poor quality, owing to our moderate winter climate. Indeed, in some seasons we get no ice at all, as the streams do not freeze over. On more than one occasion the period of exposure has abruptly terminated, and much earlier than I had intended, by the failure of the ice.
SUMMARY OF THE EXPERIMENTS WITH P. ajax.
In 1877: chrysalids 1 to 3 hours old exposed from 23 to 8 days. ‘Temperature 33°+ F. [0.6° C.]. No change effected.
In 1878: chrysalids 10 to 15 minutes old, and at intervals up to 1 day, and then daily to 8th day from pupation; expos- ure from 19 to 5 days. Result: one telamonides or walshii from chrysalis 12 hours old, 11 days exposure ; one walshii from chrysalis 2 hours old, 11 days expos- ure ; one telamonides from chrysalis 3 days old, 16 days exposure; all the rest un- changed, but the periods of emergence remarkably prolonged. Temperature 33° S 2. poo” C.}.
In 1879: chrysalids not less than 12 hours old nor over 24 hours; exposed 14, 20, and 24 days. Result: the period of emerging greatly precipitated in nearly all cases. From the 14-day lot there was no change or only a partial one ; from the 20- day lot, one half were changed, the rest
PSYCHE.
partly or not at all; from the 25-day lot all were changed. Temperature 33°+ F. fOx6 Cal:
In 1877: chrysalids under 12 hours old, but the minimum not noted; exposure 24 days. Temperature 40° F. [4.4° C.] and upwards, irregular. Result: one changed fully, seven partly ; some others subjected to same conditions for 23 days were fully changed ; others at 26 days not at all.
In 1875: chrysalids stated in my note book to have been exposed ‘‘as formed,” but the exact age not given; exposed for 30 to 60 days; temperature at first about 32° F. [0° C.], afterwards uncertain. Re- sult: 50 per cent. fully changed, 25 per cent. partly, rest not.
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS : —
1. P.ajax. The longer the exposure under a low temperature the more decided the change, but 25 or 30 days seem quite sufficient in many cases, and changes have been produced by exposure for 20, 16 and 11 days; no changes recorded at less than 11 days ; while exposure at 8 days and less has produced no effect except in some cases to prolong the chrysalis period.
2. The longest interval between pupa- tion and exposure to cold when any change has resulted, has been 3 days. In all in- stances beyond that no change has been produced. The shortest interval has been two hours, and in this instance the but- terfly was changed to walshiti, which is a change more extreme than to telamonides. Most chrysalids exposed so early die in the process, but as many changes have been effected when the age of the chrysalis at exposure has been from 12 to 24 hours, I believe that to be the most satisfactory pe- riod. The chrysalis has then become hard-
PSYCHE.
ened, and the growth of the organs of the pupa probably then begins, and their direc- tion may best be turned by the cold then applied.
3. The effect of the cold is to albinize the butterfly, the black area being con- stantly reduced.
4. Cold has failed to change the shape of the wings, its influence being confined to coloration and markings; the frontal} hairs of the head have also been changed ; and the sexes are equally susceptible.
5. Grapta interrogationis. 14 days exposure after the chrysalids have hard- ened, has been found suflicient to produce changes; and the females were most sus- ceptible to the influence of cold.
6. With different species the degree of temperature required to produce the most decided change varies. I have succeeded best with Phyciodes tharos, at 40° F. [4.4° C.]. At 32° F. [0° C.] have de- stroyed many Grapta chrysalids, but this may have been principally because the chrysalis was too tender when exposed.
19
With P. ajax 32° to 40° F. [0° to 4.4° C.] seems a proper temperature.
My experiments with Ph. tharos are given in Can. Entom., v. 9, p. 4, and p. 204-206. Also in Butterflies of N. A.,, ve 2,. pt. 7. change was brought about, and every but- terfly emerged in the winter form. 'Temp- erature about 40° F. [4.4° C.], and con- tinued for 7 days, the chrysalids being 3, 6, 9 hours old when exposed, and before several had hardened. In the second ex- periment, the temperature was about 32° F. [0° C.]; the chrysalids were 10 min- utes to 9 hours old, and the exposure was about 20 days. It was found that the but- terflies emerging from chrysalids which had been from 1 to 9 hours old were com- pletely changed; some which had been from 30 to 60 minutes old were not changed, while others of same lot were greatly suffused. I concluded that with this species it was not necessary that cold should be applied after the chrysalids had hardened, in order to change the form.
In the former, a complete
REVIEWS.
ProressorR Epuarp Branpv’s interest- ing papers upon the nervous system of in- sects, which appeared during 1878 and 1879 [see Rec., nos. 1451-1458] in the Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, - are yaluable additions to the literature of the subject. The amount of research upon which the author’s conclusions are based, can be best understood, perhaps, by con- sidering that Professor Brandt examined the nervous system of nearly a thousand species of adult insects, and of about one hundred and twenty-five species of larvae, and that he studied the metamorphoses of
the nervous system in more than fifty spe- cies. Up to the time of appearance of Professor Brandt’s papers but little had been published upon this subject; for ex- ample, the metamorphoses of the nervous system had been traced in only eight spe- cies (four lepidoptera and four coleoptera). Many important facts were ascertained in his studies, and the papers, published both in German and in Russian, and fully il- lustrated with photolithographic plates, pre- sent the facts in a systematic and carefully condensed form. @. D.
20
PSOE:
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., FEBRUARY 1880.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies should be addressed to EDITORS OF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass. Communications for publication in PSYCHE must be properly authenticated, and no anonymous articles will be published.
Editors and contributors are only responsible for the statements made in their own communications.
Works on subjects not related to entomology will not be reviewed in PSYCHE.
For rates of subscription and of advertising, see ad- vertising columns.
PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
3 Dec. 1879.—... Mr. W.L. Dis- tant exhibited a hitherto unrecorded vari- ety of Danais plexippus (commonly known as D. archippus), received from Antigua. ... Mr. C. O. Waterhouse communi- cated some interesting details as to tenacity of life in Curculio cleonus. — The Rev. H. S. Gorham read a paper entitled ‘‘ Mate- rials for a revision of the Lampyridae.” — Mr. Bates, in connexion with the light- emitting power of this family, remarked that certain species of longicorns mimicked Lampyridae with great exactness, the light- giving segments of the latter being per- fectly represented in the longicorns, al- though destitute of phosphorescent power. — Mr. J. W. Slater communicated a pa- per ‘“‘ On certain minute characters of in- sects with reference to the theory of evolu- tion.” — Extracted from Athenaeum, 27 Dec. 1879, p. 853.
CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
9 Jan. 1880. — 64th meeting. The of-
PSYCHE.
ficers for the year 1880 were elected, as follows: E: Burgess, President; B: Pick- man Mann, Secretary, Treasurer, and Ed- itor of Psycue; E: Payson Austin, S: Henshaw, Dr. E: Laurens Mark, Execu- tive Committee.
Retiring president E: Burgess delivered the annual address, upon the progress made in anatomical and physiological en- tomology in recent years. [The address will be published in Psycue. |
Retiring secretary B: Pickman Mann presented his annual report, including the annual report of the treasurer, and of act- ing librarian Clifford Chase Eaton. This is the sixth annual meeting, and the third annual meeting as a corporation. The Club has 16 resident and 56 non-resident members. During the past year it has held 9 meetings, and has received 22 principal communications. 64 pages of PsYcHE, with 7 advertiser covers, were issued in 1879, also 26 extra pages of entomological items and advertisements, and 26 pages of the bibliography of the entomological writings of Dr. G: H: Horn and the writings of S: Hubbard Scudder. 32 more pages, besides the in- dexes, are required to complete the sec- ond volume of Psycue. Measures have been taken to ensure the continued publi- cation of Psycue through a fhird volume.
The permanent publication fund amounts to $167.75.
262 new titles have been recorded in the library accession book since the last report, making 729 in all. A card catalog is be- ing formed, and now numbers 203 cards. The arrangement of the volumes in the library is nearly completed.
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary.
=...
PSYCHE.
[1488-1501] 21
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD,
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as published. The date of publication, given in brackets | |], marks the time at which the work was received, unless an earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor.
A colon after initial designates the most common given name,as: A: Augustus; B: Benjamin; C: Charles; D: David; E: Edward ; F: Frederic ; G: George ; H: Henry; I: Isaac ; J: John; K: Karl; L: Louis ; M: Mark; N: Nicholas; O: Otto; P: Peter; R: Richard; S: Samuel; T: Thomas; W: Wil- liam. The initials at the end of each record, or note, are those of the recorder, and will be explained at the end of each volume. Unless otherwise stated each record is made directly from the work that is noticed.
When there are not sufficient titles of current papers to fill the space allotted to the Record, earlier ento- mological publications will be recorded. In this way it is expected to include, finally, in the Record, all titles of papers not included in Hagen’s Bibliotheca entomologica, which treat of North American or general entomology, and all papers on entomology published in North America.
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
Association francaise pour l’avancement des sciences — Congres de Montpellier, Section de zoologie. [Abstract of proceedings, by Adrien Dollfus.] (Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, 1 Dee. 1879, p. 17-21.)
Jules Lichtenstein (p. 19-20) on some of the peculiarities
of the reproduction of the aphidae. G: D. (1488)
Barber, S. Habits of animals in relation to the weather. (Monthly journ. sci., Nov. 1879, s. 3, v. 1, p. 728-731, 1 fig.)
Figures a spider’s web spun between four lighted can-
dles ; other notes on habits of species of araneae. G: D. (1489)
Bee ranching in California. (Springfield | Mass. ] d. republican, 5 Sept. 1879, p. 2, col. 6, 12 em.) From Sunday afternoon. G: D. (1490)
Brunner von Wattenwyl, Carl. Mono- graphie der Phaneropteriden. Herausgegeben von der k. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesell- schaft in Wien. Mit 8 Tafeln. Wien, 1878. t.-p.+ 401 p., 22.5 x 14, t 16 10.5; 8 pl. 27 X 22.5, t 24.5 « 18.
405 species divided into 115 genera and 39 groups, all ex- cept groups described in Latin. 49 of the genera are rep- resented by a single species each. 62 of the species, be- longing to 23 genera, are North American, but only 17 species (7 new) belonging to5 genera (dichopetala =1 new) are recorded north of Mexico; of these 5 genera, 2, with 5-+3 species, are peculiar to the U. S., one only of the spe- cies occurring also in Mexico. Each genus (except ory- prora n. g.) is represented on the plate by a single species. The nomenclature of the neuration is discussed in the intro- duction, and the work is preceded by a division of the Lo- eustarians into 14 tribes, and a table to find the genera described in the work, also in Latin. S: H. S. (1491)
Cook, Albert J: Bees improved by breeding. (Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 34.) The same principles apply to the breeding of bees that are practiced in improving our higher animals. . A.J: C. (1492) Failla-Tedaldi, L. Note sur une invasion de la vanessa cardui L. observée en Sicile. (Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, March 1879, p. 64-65.)
Observations on swarming. G: D. (1493)
K., J.D. Vol de libellules. (Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, Nov. 1879, p. 15.) Records great flight of dragon-flies near Havre, France, 7 Oct. 1879. G: D, (1494) Northern range of cermatia forceps. (Amer. nat., Nov. 1879, v. 13, p. 711.) C. forceps taken in Mass. and N. H. G: D, (1495)
Saunders, W: Papilio cresphontes. (Can. en- tom., Dec. 1879, v. 11, p. 240.)
Occurrence of p. cresphontes at Hamilton, Ont., and at Thedford, Ont., feeding on diclamnus fraxinella and zan- thoxylum americanum. Bs P.M. (1496)
Siewers, C: Godfrey. The brushes of the white-marked tussock moth, orgyia leucostigma, Smith & Abbot. (Valley naturalist, 1878, v.
ps9) These brushes are used to cleanse the ‘‘ beauty spots ’’ on the hinder segments. B: P.M. (1497)
Southern Illinois normal university, Carbon- dale, Jil. 5th annual report of the principal [Robert Allyn] to the board of trustees. Car- bondale, Ill., 1879. 44 p., 21 x 13.
Contains (p. 25-42), ‘‘ Report of the curator of the mu-
seum,’’ by G: Hazen French. B: P. M. (1498)
Turner, H: Stratagem of a wasp. (Amer. nat., Nov. 1879, v. 13, p. 710.)
A wasp leads up a tree by one of the antennae, a roach, probably previously stung. G: D. (1499)
Weiss, J: Crickets. (Atlantic monthly, Oct. 1877, v. 40, p. 467-468.) In verse. G: D. (1500)
NECROLOGY FOR 1879.
Brandt, Johann Friedrich. [Biog. notices. ] (Zool. Anzeiger, jahrg. 2, 8 Sept. 1879, p. 480; 20 Oct. 1879, p. 529.) (Botanische Zeitung, 14 Nov. 1879, jahrg. 37, p. 743.)
Dr. Brandt was b. 25 May 1802, in Jiiterbogk, Prussia, and d. 15 July 1879, at Merekull near Narva, Russia. He was Prof. of Zool. at St. Petersburg, Russia, from 1834 un- til his death. G: D. (1501)
22 [1502-1518]
Chapman, T: |[Biog. notice.| (Zool. Anzei- ger, 17 Noy. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 600.) B. 22 Jan. 1816 in Nottingham, England; d. 27 Aug. 1879, in Burghill, Hereford, England. Spent much of life in Glasgow, where he studied the entomological fauna of
Scotland. G: D. (1502) Chapuis, Félicien. [Biog. notices.] (Naturae novitates, Oct. 1879, no. 20, p. 199.) (Zool.
Anzeiger, 17 Nov. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 600.) [Biog. sketch by Dr. E.Candéze.| (Comptes rendus soc. entom. Belge, 4 Oct. 1879, s. 2, no. 69, p. 1-4.)
Dr. Chapuis, coleopterist, was b. in 1824, in Verviers, Belgium, where he afterwards practiced medicine. He d. in Heusy near Verviers, 30 Sept. 1879. G: D. (1503) Chavannes, Auguste. [Biog.notice.] (Zool.
Anzeiger, 6 Oct. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 528.)
Dr. Chayannes, Prof. honor. de l’Academie de Lausanne,
an entomological writer, d. 16 Sept. 1879, at Lausanne, Switzerland. G: D. (1504)
Chenu, Jean Charles. [Biog. note.] (Bost. d- advert., 17 Nov. 1879, no. 22223, v. 134, no. 73, 2 cm.) Dr. Chenu was b. in 1808, in Metz, France; d. Nov. 1879. “From 1850 to 1861 he was engaged with others in publishing an ‘Encyclopédie d’histoire naturelle,’ a work
which made thirty-one volumes.’? — Bost. d. advert. B: P. M. (1505)
Fedrizzi, Giacinto. [Biog. note.] (Naturae novitates, Feb. 1879, no. 3, p. 47.)
Dr. Fedrizzi, an entomological writer, d. in Padua, Italy, in 1879. G: D. (1506)
Fitch, Asa. [Biog. notices.] (Amer. nat., Dec.
1879, v. 13, p. 798.) :
[Biog. sketch by E. P. Thurston, entitled
“Sketch of Dr. Asa Fitch.”] (Pop. sci. mo.,
Nov. 1879, v. 16, p. 116-120, por.)
Dr. Fitch was b. at Salem, Washington Co., N. Y., 24 Feb. 1809, and d. there 8 Apr. 1879. In 1826 he went to the Renssalaer School at Troy, N. Y. ; in 1829 was graduated from the Rutgers Medical College in New York city; in 1854 was appointed N. Y. State Entomologist, and held the latter position for 17 years. £: B. (1507)
Gastaldi, Bartolomeo. [Biog. notices.] (Nat- urae novitates, Feb. 1879, no. 4, p. 57.) (Zool. Anzeiger, 21 April 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 216.)
Dr. Gastaldi, Prof. Geol. and Palaeont., Director of the
Museo Civico, in Turin, Italy, was b. 10 Feb. 1818, in Tu-
rin; d. 5 Feb. 1879, in Turin. G: D. (1508)
Gervais, Paul. [Biog. notices.] (Naturae novitates, March 1879, no. 5, p. 67.) (Zool. Anzeiger, 10 March 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 144.) (Amer. nat., April 1879, v. 18, p. 275-276.)
M. Gervais, Prof. of Comparative Anatomy at the Mu-
sée d’histoire naturelle, was b. 26 Sept. 1816, in Paris; d. 10 Feb. 1879, in Paris. G: D. (1509)
Loew, Hermann. zeiger, 23 June 1879, jahrg. 2, p. nat., Dec. 1879, v. 13, p. 798.) Dr. Loew, the dipterist, was b. 7 July 1807, in Weissen-
fels, Prussia; d. 21 April 1879, in Halle on the Saale,
Prussia. G: D. (1510)
[Biog. neue (Zool. An- 336.) (Amer.
PSYCHE.
Moncreiffe, T: [Biog. notices.| (Naturae novitates, Aug. 1879, no. 17, p. 174.) (Zool. Anzeiger, 8 Sept. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 480.)
|Biog. sketch by F. Buchanan White, en- titled, “In memoriam Sir Thomas Moncreiffe, Bart.”] (Scottish naturalist, Oct. 1879, p. 145-148, por.) Sir T: Moncreiffe, of Moncreiffe, Scotland, President of the Perthshire Society of Natural History, and of the Cryp-
togamic Society of Scotland, a lepidopterist, d. 16 Aug. 1879. G: D. (1511)
Moquerys, S. [Biog. note.] (Naturae novi- tates, April 1879, no. 7-8, p. 92.)
M. Moquerys, coleopterist, d. 12 Feb. 1879, at Rouen, France, aged 87. G: D. (1512)
Pictet, Edouard. [Biog. notices.] 22 May 1879, v. 20, p. 88, 6 cm.) novitates, June 1879;no. 12, p. 135.)
Neuropterist ; d. in 1879, in Geneva, aged 4. G: D, (1513)
Reichenbach, Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig. |Biog. notices.| (Naturae novitates, April 1879, no. 7-8, p, 92.) (Zool. Anzeiger, 7 April 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 192.)
[| Notice, by Friedrich, entitled “ Necrolog H. G. L. Reichenbachs.”| (Sitzungsber. d. natur. Gesellsch. Isis zu Dresden, Jan.—June 1879, p. 97-104.)
Dr. Reichenbach, Prof. of Natural History at Dresden, was b. in 1793 in Leipzig; d. 17 March 1879, in Dresden, Saxony. G: D. (1514)
(Nature, (Naturae
Rondani, Camillo. [Biog.notices.| (Naturae novitates, Oct. 1879, no. 21, p. 207.) (Zool. Anzeiger, 17 Nov. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 600.)
Prof. Rondani, dipterist, d. 18 Sept. 1879, in Parma,
Italy, aged 72. G: D. (1515)
Saunders, W: Wilson. [Biog.notices.] (Nat- urae novitates, Sept. 1879, no. 19, p. 190.) (Bot- anische Zeitung, 14 Nov. 1879, jahrg. 37, p. 743.) (Amer. nat., Dec. 1879, v. 13, p. 798.)
Botanist and entomologist, b. in Little London, near Wendover, Buckinghamshire, England, 4 June 1809; d. at Raystead, Worthing, 13 Sept. 1879. G: D. (1516)
Smith, F: [Biog. notices.] (Psyche adver- tiser, March 1879, p. 7.) (Zool. Anzeiger, 24 March 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 168.) (Naturae novi- tates, March 1879, no. 6, p. 81.) (Can. entom. April 1879, v. 11, p. 78.) (Naturalist | York- shire], April 1879, p. 158.) (Entom. m. mag., April 1879, v. 15, p. 263-264.)
[Biographical notice, by J. W. Dunning.] (Entomologist, April 1879, v. 12, p. 89-92.)
Mr. Smith, Assistant Keeper Zool. Dept. British Museum,
hymenopterist, b. in 1805, in London; d. 16 Feb. 1879, in
London. G: D. (1517)
White, Adam. [Biog. notices.]| (Zool. An- zeiger, 17 Feb. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 96.) (Psyche advertiser, March 1879, p. 7.)
Mr. White was b. 29 April 1817, in Edinburg, Scotland ; d. 4 Jan. 1879, in Glasgow, Scotland. He was in the En- tom. Dept. British Museum from 1835 to 1863.
G: D. (1518)
PSYCHE.
23
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
THE LIBRARY of the Swiss Entomological Society has been removed from Schaffhausen to No. 195 4, rue des gentilshommes, Berne.
THE ENTOMOLOGICAL library of the late Pro- fessor Loew has been put on sale by List and Franke of Leipzig. It contains many rare pa- pers upon diptera.
Mr. Van per Wot-p, Secretary of the Dutch Entomological Society, has recently been ap- pointed to the rank of Referendarius to the State board of control.
Tue Last numero of the Harvard Library Bulletin published an account of the Entomol- ogical Libraries of the United States, by S: H- Seudder. The next will contain the first instal- ment of a Bibliography of Fossil Insects, by the same author.
WHATEVER is sent to the editors of Psycur or to the CamBripGE EnTOMOLOGICAL CLUB, as a gift or otherwise, should be so addressed, and should be sent to Cambridge, Mass., U.S. A.; whatever is sent to the editors, for their private possession, should be distinctly addressed to them individually.
Mr. W: S. Barnarp, Instructor in Entomol- ogy at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., informs -us that the report, in the N. Y. Times, that his paper, read at the Saratoga meeting of the A. A. A. S., on the Bud-blight insect, stated that Psylla pyri had not been described in this coun- try, is not correct, and that the mistake was made by the reporter.
M. Paut Noet calls attentionin the December numero of the Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, to a new mode of collecting nocturnal lepidoptera, He employs a lantern, hung about a metre and a half above the ground, as a permanent attrac- tion, and then burns, from time to time, a small piece of magnesium tape, to attract specimeng from a greater distance to a point where they can see and come to the less brilliant light. Ac- cording to M. Noel, a half-metre of tape suffices for the evening, costs but little, and gives re- markably good results.
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Cambridge En- tomological Club will be held at 19 ape St., at 7.45 p. m., on the days following : —
9 Jan. 1880. 9 April 1880.
13 Feb. ,, 14May ,, 12 Mar. ,, 11 June ,,
B: Pickman Many, Secretary.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological Section of the Boston Society of Natural History will be held at N. W. corner of Berkeley and Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45 p.m., on the days following : —
28 Jan. 1880. 28 Apr. 1880. 25 Feb. ,, 26 May ,, 24 Mar.
”
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary.
THE ANNUAL meetings of the Entomological Section of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science will begin at 2 p. m., on Tuesday, 24 Aug. 1880, at a place yet to be de- termined, in Boston, Mass. Members who intend to present communications that may provoke discussion are requested to allow the Secretary to announce their subjects, in order that other members may come ready to enter into a thor- ough discussion.
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary, Cambridge, Mass.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at S. W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., on the days following : —
9 Jan. 1880. 9 Apr. 1880. 13 Feb. ,, 14 May ,, 12 Mar. ,, 11 June ,, James H. Ripines, Recorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the American Entomological Society will be held at S. W. cor- ner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., on the days following: —
8 Dec. 1879. 14 June 1880. James H. Ripines,
Recording Secretary.
24 PSYCHE.
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the 10th of the month preceding the one in which they are to appear.
BLANK INSECT LABELS.
No, 1.— 40 on a sheet. No. 2.—50 on a sheet.
Blank Labels for Insects, of the sizes annexed, printed in red, on good quality of paper, at two cents a sheet, or sixty sheets for a dollar.
Address B: PICKMAN MANN, Cambridge, Mass.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North American TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the pur- pose of studying this family. I shall be glad to name and return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to me for this purpose, save such as may prove new and desirable to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to PrRor. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
PUBLISHED FORTNIGHTLY. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (postpaio), M 6.50 = $1.62.
Entomologische Nachrichten, VI. Jahrg. 1880.
Herausgegeben von Dr. F. Katter.
Baron vy. Harold, Entomological Museum of Berlin, says of this magazine :—
“Tt is a complete repository of interesting and instruc- tive notices ; of practical directions for collecting, observ- ing, and preparing specimens; of proposals for exchange and sale of insects; of literary information and notices of books; and correspondence. In short, it has proved itself the special organ for the encouragement and progress of the Science of Entomology.”
May be obtained of all booksellers; and from
the publisher, A. DOSE,
PUTBUS A. RUGEN, GERMANY.
Back volumes may be had from the same, 18754 2.50 M; 1877 23 M; 187845 M; 1879 a 6.50 M.
LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American lep- idoptera bought or exchanged for other species, by Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat de la Société d’Acclimatation de France ),
110 Clapham Road, London, S. W., England.
NATURAL HISTORY AGENCY.
The undersigned has for sale Entomologists’ ma- terials of all kinds, Insects, and Hntomological books.
Collections of insects for beginners or for schools furnished at reasonable rates. Several large collections of American and foreign insects, principally Coleoptera, for sale cheap.
Books and materials in other branches of Nat- ural History procured for parties at a distance, at the lowest prices.
Lists of books, specimens, etc., sent for 10 cents.
E: P. AUSTIN, 46 East Newton St., Boston, Mass.
FOR SALE.
Zuphium americanum, Thalpius dorsalis and pyg- maeus, Dynastes tityus, Megalosoma elephas male, (body 12.7 em. long by 5.2 em. wide), Sandalus ni- ger, Goes tigrina, Goes tessellata, Ptychodes vittata, Phyton pallidum, Pteroplatus variabilis (sallei), Cal- lichroma splendidum, Leptura erythroptera, Plectro- dera scalator, Acanthocinus nodosus, Cylas formica- rius, Ischnocerus infuscatus, and all other Louisiana coleoptera, at reasonable rates. Apply to
WILLIAM MISCHE, 350 St. Peter St., New Orleans, La.
GALLS AND GALL INSECTS.
The undersigned desires, either by exchange or otherwise, Galls from all parts of the United States. He is especially interested in those made by Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera and Diptera. Correspondence in reference to Gall growths, or other vegetable abnormities, is invited.
CHARLES V. RILEY, Washington, D, C.
NORTH AMERICAN FERNS.
Check lists of the Ferns of North America north of Mexico, enumerating 31 genera, 132 species and 15 varieties. on one octavo page. Will be sent by mail on receipt of the price, 15 cents per dozen copies.
S. STEBBINS, Springfield, Mass.
Nos. 65-68 are not yet issued. No. 69 was issued 22 Jan. 1880..
o® peace
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
[Established in 1874. ] ve ee a i : ya
EDITED BY
Grorce Dimmock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass. ; Apert J: Coox, Lansing, Mich.; Cutrrorp Cuase Eaton,
Cambridge, Mass.
Vol. 3: --No.- 71. Marcu 1880.
CONTENTS:
ADVERTISEMENTS : ; ; . ; 5 ; ' ‘ : : : seer Recent Srupirs 1n INSECT esinaie Third Anuual Address of the President — £d-
ward Burgess : Se Spe at) se : ° : : : : ? : : 27-43 TITLE S.iips s , ; : ; : : ; p : : ‘ ; $ ; . 44 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD : ; : ‘ ‘ ‘ ; ‘ ; Z ‘ 45-46 EntomoLocicat Irems — Society Mise ; - - : - - : : A «| et ADVERTISEMENTS S * 4 B é 4 : “ ‘ 4 é » : ; 2 4S
CampripGE, Mass., U.S. A.: PupiisHep By Grorcre Dimmock.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTIONS, $1. . MONTHLY NUMEROS, 165 c.
[Entered as second class mail matter. |
26
PSYCHE, Organ of the Cambridge Entomological Club,
RATES OF SUBSCRIPTION, ETC.
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(> Subscriptions not discontinued are considered renewed.
Sample copies, postpaid, 10 cents. Yearly subscription, postpaid, . : $1. One volume (three years), postpaid, . . $3.
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PSYCHE.
ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MATERIALS FOR SALE.
Klaeger’s best Insect-pins, 36 mm. long, no. 00-5; 39 mm. long, no. 00-7. Per 1000: no. 2-5, $1.10; oth- ers, $1.20. Per 5000, $5.00 and $5.50. Other sorts on hand or to order. Pins sold at these rates only in packages of 500; smaller lots, 20 ets. per 100; sam- ples, 6 cts.
Double boxes, for storing, 10 25 & 35 em., 45 ets. Light mailing boxes, 17 & 22 em., and half and quar- ter size, 10, 8, 6 cts.
Cork in sheets 30 X 8.5 X 0.5 em., 12 cts. per sheet, $1.00 per 10 sheets.
Stout glass tubes, for alcoholic specimens, 8X 50 mm., 10 60 mm., 12 & 70 mm., $1.30, $1.40, $1.50 per 100; rubber stoppers for these, $1.00, $1.20, $1.50 per 100; tube and stopper, 3 cts. Other sizes of tubes and stoppers on hand or to order.
Blank labels, red-bordered, 22 14 mm., 35 cts. per 1000; 2712 mm., 45 cts. per 1000. A set of 100 generic and 586 specific labels, printed on above blanks, for United States and Canadian butterflies, complete to 1876, $1.00. Twelve sheets of printed labels, containing the names of the North Ameri- can States and Territories, of months, and signs for sexes, 2 cts. a sheet, and 2 cts. postage.
Photographs of Prodryas, the first known North American fossil butterfly; of the anatomy of the upper and of the under side of Harpalus caliginosus, and of the under side of Zucanus cervus: each 50 cts.
Transportation on pins and labels, prepaid; on other goods extra.
B: Prckman Mann, Cambridge, Mass.
EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES WANTED.
The undersigned desires to obtain, by exchange or otherwise, from all parts of the world, eggs, caterpillars and chrysalids of Diurnal Lepidop- tera. Dried specimens are preferred, especially of caterpillars, which should be prepared by in- flation. Correspondence is invited with persons engaged in the study of the early stagés of butter- flies. S. H. SCUDDER,
Cambridge, Mass.
NATURAL HISTORY AGENCY.
The undersigned has for sale Entomologists’ ma- terials of all kinds, Insects, and Entomological books.
Collections of insects for beginners or for schools furnished at reasonable rates. Several large collections of American and foreign insects, principally Coleoptera, for sale cheap.
Books and materials in other branches of Nat- ural History procured for parties at a distance, at the lowest prices.
Lists of books, specimens, etc., sent for 10cents. ©
E: P. AUSTIN, 46 East Newton St., Boston, Mass.
eee Ce a.
RECENT STUDIES IN INSECT ANATOMY.’
THIRD ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT.
In the annual address expected from the chair of the Cambridge Entomological club, your first President discussed the then re- cent contributions to our knowledge of the life-history of insects, and last year some of the phenomena of their geographical dis- tribution were brought to your notice; a third side of entomological study fortu-
nately remauns for me, and so— simply
as a recorder, not as a critic —I will en- deavor to lay before you tonight a brief re- view of the works relating to insect anat- omy and physiology which have been pub- lished during the past two years. As this could not have been attempted, without the aid of Prof. Carus’ Zoologischer An- zeiger, let me join in the paean which grateful zoologists raise to the editor and publisher of this invaluable record of zo- ological progress.?
We find very few general works, as one may suppose, to be noticed. The conclud- ing part of Dr. Graber’s useful manual
1 After much of this address was written, the record by Mr. Frank Crisp in the Monthly Journ.
Royal Micros. Society came to my notice, and proved useful, as will be seen, in many cases.
2 Les Abeilles, organs et functions, ete. Paris, Bailliere, Dec. 1878. 288 p., 1 pl., 30 figs.
’
‘*Die Insecten,” has just appeared. It contains the chapters on embryology and development, and as the first general sketch of the subject, its publication is certainly epoch-making. Mr. Emerton’s ‘ Struc- ture and Habits of Spiders” contains much on the anatomy and development of these animals, and, with its numerous original figures, will be of great service to general students.
Mr. Maurice Girard? has published a work on bees, which I have not yet seen. And this is also the case with Dr. H. Gren- acher’s large work on the structure of the arthopod eye.?
The first annual report of the U. S. En- tomological Commission contains a general sketch of the anatomy of Caloptenus, by Dr. Packard, the most important part of which is the description of the respiratory system, with its tracheae and air-sacs. There is also a section* on the histology
of the digestive tract, by Dr. C. S. Minot.
Previously unnoticed structures, in the shape
3 Untersuch. u. d. Sehorgan der Arthropoden. Gottingen, 1879.
*See also Dr. Minot’s article, Amer. Nat., (June 1878,) v. 12, p. 339.
28
of twelve longitudinal, forward projecting, folds on the border between the stomach and ileum, are described.
Of the papers on the general anatomy of groups or species, is one of considerable length by Dr. Ernst Voges,® on the Juli- dae, the greater part being a description of species, particularly, however, in respect to the male génital armature. There is also a general description of the dermal skeleton, with its muscles, of the tracheal system, and of the scent glands; the sec- tion on the tracheal system being the most important. Voges regards the mouths of the tracheae in the “stigmatic pouches,” as the morphological stigmata ; the pouches themselves being simple infoldings of the derm, carrying the true stigmata within the body. The scent glands are retort- shaped bodies, the necks of which open, of course, into ‘‘ foramina repugnatoria,” and are provided with an automatic plug, the mouth being opened by the contraction of the muscle appended to each gland.
In a later note ® Dr. Voges describes the tracheal system of Glomeris, which seems to approach that of the hexapods, as there is no stigmatic sac, but true stigmata which open externally, leading into short tubes (probably modified tracheal trunks), which bifurcate, their forks giving rise in turn to furcating tracheae. There is, how- ever, no tracheal anastomosis. The stig- mata are armed against the entrance of impurities by an edging of numerous thorn- like structures. It should be remembered that the tubes have points for the insertion special muscles, like the stigmatic sacs of Julus.
5 Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. v. 31, p. 127. 6Carus’ Zool. Anzeig., v. 1, p. 361.
-that of larval insects.
PSYCHE.
Mr. S. Sograff sums up his studies on certain Chilopods in a short note in Carus’ Zool. Anzeiger (v. 2, p. 16). Among the points referred to may be mentioned the following: The tracheae resemble those of lepidopterous larvae, and are provided with a simple, though very peculiar stig- matic closing apparatus. The brain con- sists of fibres and of cells of two sorts, the smaller of which recall those of hexapods. The form of the brain depends on the number of eyes and length of body. The longer a chilopod is, the fewer eyes, and the smaller optic lobes, consequently. The latter are totally wanting in Himantarium. The structure of the eye closely approaches The ovaries are much like those of spiders; the nearly ripe eggs are clothed with small, probably epi- thelial, cells. The receptaculum seminis shows a distinct muscular and epithelial wall. The testes are filled with large, quadrangular big-nucleated, mother cells, which probably arise from the epithelium of the thin, upper part. The walls of the sperm-reservoirs have an epithelial, and a delicate reticulate muscular, layer.
Glands are very numerous. The poison glands consist of a stout chitinous duct, whose walls are pierced with very many chitinous tubelets which end in pear-shaped glands. The whole glandular system is clothed with a muscular rete, as Leydig has already shown to be the case with the nervous system.
The poison glands of centipedes have been, however, previously described by Mr. Jules Macleod.’ According to the latter writer, the glands lie in the terminal joint
7 Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., v. 44, no. 6.
PSYCHE. 29
of the forceps, extending into the distal half of the basal joint. Each gland is in the shape of a long sac, in the middle of which runs a chitinous excretory tube strengthened by a spiral fibre, trachea- like. Minute perforated cylinders cover the outside of the tube, to which are at- tached the very long glandular cells, radiat- ing out from the central tube. The gland is enveloped exteriorly by a tunica propria, which is inflected along one side and prob- ably reaches, and is attached to, the central tube, thus making a long narrow furrow along the gland. The latter is remarkable for the want of tracheae. The central tube opens very obliquelyson the upper surface of the forceps just behind the point, form- ing a minute, long-oval cleft.
Mr. J. A. Ryder’s papers® on Lury- pauropus, though not anatomical, deserve mention here as recording the discovery of new genus of Pauropods. superficially differs from Pawropus, as does Polydesmus from Julus, that is, it is a flat. tened and obtected form. There are only six actual segmeuts, instead of ten as in Pauropus, but like the latter nine pairs of legs. Ryder wrongly (as he has since recognized) figures the legs as terminating with two claws, instead of one. The mouth parts, moreover, seem to me to project backwards instead of for- ward as represented by Ryder. The lar- vae are very odd, and apparently composed of only three segments. As in Pauropus, they are hexapod.
Any addition to our knowledge of that remarkable form Peripatus, which we must
Hurypauropus
Eyes are wanting.
8 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci: Phila., 1879, p. 139, 164. Amer. Nat., vy. 13, p. 603.
* Quart. Journ. Mier. Sci., v. 19, p.431; also Ca- rus’ Anzeig., v. 2, p. 332.
recognize as a tracheate arthropod, and which can hardly fail to throw important light on the whole group, is also to be Mr. F. M. Balfour has just published a short note*® on Peripatus capensis. nized as segmental, are found ‘ at the bases of the feet in two lateral divisions of the body-cavity, shut off from the central me- dian division by longitudinal septa of trans- verse muscles.” These consist of : a dilated vesicle opening at the base of the feet; a
gladly recorded.
Organs, apparently to be recog-
coiled glandular tube connected with this and subdivided again into several minor divisions ; a short terminal portion opening into the body cavity. gans approach more nearly those of the leech. There are besides two glandular bodies.
Balfour finds a suboesophageal ganglion, and distinct ventral ganglionic swellings for each pair of feet. In the nervous sys- tem there is, therefore, more resemblance to the normal articulate nerve chain than has been supposed to exist. There are traces also of a sympathetic system,
The organ doubtfully described by Mose- ley as a fat body, turns out to be a glandu- lar tube, opening by a non-glandular duct into the mouth. This Balfour regards as homologous with the salivary glands, and thus of course we find another arthropodan affinity in Peripatus.
Mr. A. Croneberg gives an abstract ” of a paper in the Russian language, on the structure of three genera of Hydrachnida (Hydrachna, Eylais, Nesaea). The mouth parts, the genital, and digestive organs are
These segmental or-
10Carus’ Zool. Anz., v. 1, p.315. Croneberg has also published a paper (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mos- cow, 1879, No. 2, 234), not yet come to hand, on the structure of Trombidium.
30
described. The latter consist of a large stomach with a variable number of coeca, —5 in Nesaea, 11 in Hydrachna, 34 in Eylais. All these coeca communicate with each other, and are clothed with large, brown cells, numbers of which also occur in the stomach, and represent the liver. The excretory organs are reduced in Hy- drachna to a single median sac, wider an- In WNesaea it divides into four short branches, but it is more complex in Eylais. The terminal portion in all tends downward and runs direct to the
teriorly.
anus. There is no rectum, the stomach ending A sort of fat body is found about the digestive organs. There are three sets of oral glands in Lylais which open by a common duct into the mouth.
A paper! by the late Dr. Hermann Le- bert, Die Spinuen der Schweiz, Bau und Leben, &c., I have not been able to see.
Dr. Batelli”” has studied the anatomy of the larva of Hristalis tenax. The exter- nal tube of the long tail is regarded as a modified segment, which is shown by the presence of the lateral papillae, each with its long hair, as occurs in the other body segments. The retraction of the internal tube is by two muscles inserted at its supe- riore xtre nity,
blindly, according to Croneberg.
where there are some gi- gantic cells with large nuclei, having in the interior, as a product of elaboration, a long twisted filament. Connected with the two tracheae are two air sacs almost the
Neu Denkschr. d. allg. Schweiz. Ges. f. Na- turw., v. 28. Sohn.
12 Soc. Toscan. di Sci. Nat., Proc. Verb., Nov. 1878. Shortened from notice in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5, v. 3, p. 94.
Also separate, by Friedlander und
PSYCHE.
length of the body. The digestive appara- tus has in its vestibule two chitinous plates. In the pharynx, besides the two jaws, are eight peculiar beards, consisting of two se- ries of divaricated barbules. The salivary ducts are lined with a spiral thread, as is often the case. The chylific stomach is preceded by four ventricular glands, and there are four Malpighian tubes. The anal glands contain a great quantity of urates, and are composed of a straight part and another folded back. Besides the supra- and sub- oesophageal ganglia are two inter - mediate ones connected by means of a pe- duncle to the lateral commisure. The fol- lowing ganglia are united.
Mr. Carl Gissler’® has described the anatomy of the once rare Amblychilacyl- indriformis, and figures parts of the ner- vous, digestive, and reproductive systems. No new results are to be noted.
Turning now to special papers on the anatomy of particular organs or systems, we may first notice several on the dermal skeleton and its appendages.
Led by Darwin’s difficulty in reconciling the great difference between the worker ants and the sexual individuals, Dr. H. Dewitz has studied the development of the legs, and especially of the wings in Formica rufa. His results, together with some additional observations on the devel- opment of the wings in lepidoptera, are best summed up by using nearly his own
language: ‘‘ The ant-workers, like the
13 Psyche, v. 2, p. 259. 14 Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. v. 80, Suppl., p. 78; sup-
plementary note, ‘bid, v. 31, p. 25; also Sitzungsb. Ges. Nat., Berlin, 1878, 122.
PSYCHE. 31
males and females, possess in their young stages small, yet identically formed wing- buds [‘‘ imaginal dises””] which retrograde during further growth.
** The thoracic appendages of ants make their first appearance in the young larva, as dise-shaped thickenings of the hypoderm, which divide into a core (leg or wing), and an envelope, with an external opening (covered, of course, by the chitin layer). The envelope grows into a sac or pocket- shaped fold within the body cavity; the core or bud into the respective leg or wing. During the transition to the pupal stage the sac is turned inside out, or rather the opening which existed from the first, be- comes enlarged and the appendage is thrust forth.
** The developing leg or wing of the ant and bee casts its skin while yet in the larval stage ; so that, in respect to undergoing a moult, there is not the least difference be- tween the postembryonal formed append- ages of insects with a perfect or imperfect metamorphosis (e. g., leg and wing of the ant, wing and ovipositor of the grasshop- per) ; the difference being simply that in insects with perfect metamorphosis the new forming appendage lies generally hidden in infoldings of the hypoderm, making its first appearance outwardly during pupa- tion ; while in insects with imperfect met- amorphosis, this occurs at the beginning.
** Likewise the formation of the lepidop- terous wing, and, according to my view, of the appendages of all insects, starts from the hypoderm, although perhaps the enter- ing tracheae, nerves, &c., effect the internal formation of the appendage.
15 Carus’ Zool. Anz., v. 2, p. 135. 16 Salzburg, Verf., 1878.
“The great difference between ant work- ers and females is not brought about by different treatment of the larvae or eggs by the mature workers, but while yet in the maternal body the egg receives the imprint of its future destination.”
Dewitz farther studied the mode of origin of the thoracic thorns in Myrmica, which grow directly out of the hypodermis, thus behaving very differently from the locomo- tive appendages. A section on the difficulty of accounting for the inheritance of worker characters, which Dewitz cannot help to clear up, concludes this interesting paper.
Dr. Dewitz also in a short note ” records a case of malformation in which five joints of one of the hind legs protruded through the larval skin of an ant (Alta insularis) nearly ready to pupate. Dewitz does not, however, think that this is simply a case of incompleted moult, but believes that the leg from the first, instead of lying in the hypo- dermic infolded sack, grew outwards and, being unable to separate the hypoderm from the chitinous layer, pierced the latter before it became much hardened.
A paper by Mr. Antoine Simon, on the Hautskelet der arthrogastrischen Arachni- den *° I have not seen.
Schneider, in a paper™ of nearly sixty pages in length, describes the different forms of scales found on the different parts of the body and wings of the lepidoptera. Two plates illustrate these forms, and a diagram of a lepidopter, showing the character of the scales on different parts in the Rhopalocera and Heterocera, is also given.
Mr. Joseph Beck * adds a little note to his studies on the scales of insects. Ina
7 Zeitschr. ges. Naturwiss., v. 51, p. 1. 18 Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., v. 2, p. 810.
32
species of Mormo he has found scales show- ing under a 1-5 “notes of exclamation” like Thysanouran scales, while with a 1-10 the real ribbed structure of the scale is evident. It is also stated that corrugations of lepidopterous scales are invariably found on the under side only. Just the opposite is maintained by Dr. H. Burmeister,” who also believes that there is no internal mem- brane. ‘The striae are due to filaments ele- vated on the inner side of the upper mem- brane. In the large scales of Castnia they do not traverse the scale, but terminate free. The lower membrane has a different inter- nal structure showing a great number of small irregular transverse lines.
Haller * figures and describes peculiar forms found in the terminal hair brushes of Polyxenus. 'These are transparent, hooked at the end, which has three or four slender clubbed processes directed backwards and The sides of the hair are barbed with forward directed points. These hairs are surrounded with shorter club shaped ones. There are also larger double comb-like hairs, the teeth of which point forwards.
Ignorant of Hick’s long since published paper,” Haller also describes briefly the sucking hairs on the tarsus of male water beetles (Dytiscus) ; nothing newis reported.
Dr. Ph. Bertkau has described * an in- teresting scent apparatus on the last pair of legs in the male of Hepialus hecta, L. In this moth the posterior tarsi are aborted, and the tibiae are large and club-shaped,
lying in the same plane.
19 Descr. Phys., Republ. Argentine, v. 5, p. 21. See notice Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., v. 2, p. 866.
20 Arch. f. Naturg., v. 44, p. 99. 21 Zinn. Trans., v. 22, p. 147, 383. 22 Arch. Naturg., v. 44, p. 97.
PSYCHE.
their interior being filled with long glands which each open ina pore. <A long hair covers each pore, and on the inside of the tibiae these hairs form athick brush. ‘The first abdominal segment, moreover, has be- neath two pockets, formed by an infolding of delicate skin, the margins of which are In rest the moth keeps the hinder tibiae in these pock- ets, the long hairs on both effectually pre- venting the escape of the ethereal oil se- creted by the tibial glands, which has a pleasant aromatic odor. This of course recalls the scent apparatus on butterfly wings described by Fritz Miiller, and must serve as an attraction to the opposite sex. Mr. Brunner von Wattenwy] ™ has found a peculiar organ on the hind femora of the Acrididae. In the furrow on the under side, into which the tibia fits, about one fourth from the base, is a small wart-
also provided with long hairs.
shaped elevation, open in the centre, where there is a soft pad, sometimes projecting like a blunt tubercle. The raised margin of the elevation is on the basal side beset with some delicate white hairs. The pad, which has a glandular appearance, is .al- ways white or gray. It is found only in the jumping tribes, but occurs both in chirping and dumb species. No suggestion as to its function is offered.
Messrs. Perez and Jousset De Bell- esme * discuss the nature of buzzing in in- sects. True buzzing is the sound emitted by rapid wing vibrations (exceeding 80). The hum of the hawk-moths is simply the
23 Katter’s Ent. Nachr., No. 17, 223.
24 Verhandl. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien.
25 Comptes rend., v. &7.
26 Ibid., p. 535.
PSYCHE. 33
friction of the wing against the air. Hy- menoptera and diptera are the only true buzzing insects, and according to De Bel- lesme produce two sounds, a grave and a sharp. The latter is produced by the vibra- tions of the thorax. The thoracic stigmata may be closed without destroying the hum- ming power, thus disproving Landois’s theory.
Mr. Perez” in a supplementary com- munication does not agree with Mr. De Bellesme in thinking that a conical move- ment of the thorax (whatever that may be) ean produce a sound, because on fixing the animal with a pin the movements are very attenuated, without the movements of the wings and the buzzing being destroyed, or even weakened.”
Mr. Carl Gissler describes * the repug- natorial glands of Hleodes as two reddish- brown, semi-bilobed pieces in the form of a Y, extending from the base of the last, to the middle of the second segment, a length of about 6.5 mm. He did not suc- ceed in recognizing the nature of the secre- tion.
The balancers in the diptera have been studied by Messrs. J. De Bellesme *® and Rob. Desvoidy,® but I have not been able to see the paper of either.
Dr. W. Breitenbach ® describes the pe- culiar appendages on the proboscis of the lepidoptera, which he thinks enable the insect to pierce the tissues of flowers, &c., for honey or other juices. The orange-
27 Rev. Internat. Soc., v. 3, (79), p. 281. 28 Quoted from Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., v. 2, p. 408. 29 Psyche, v. 2, p. 209.
®) Balanciers chez les Ins. dipt. 96 pp. Paris, Germar Bailliere & Cie.
81 Bull. sci. Dépmt. du Nord, 2 s., v. 1, p. 217.
sucking moth, Ophideres fullonica, the structure of whose proboscis was first made known by Mr. Francis Darwin, is of course the typical example of this power in the lepidoptera, but Breitenbach shows that many other genera of butterflies and moths are armed, though less formidably, for sim- ilar purposes. These appendages are of course confined to the end of the proboscis, and are modifications of simple hair struc- tures, such as are found on the basal por- tion, consisting of the hair itself and the annular basal ridge from which it grows. This ring becomes lengthened into a cylin- drical body, still having the terminal hair, which, however, becomes much reduced — often to a simple papilla. The end of the cylinder is then armed with teeth, or its sides develop ribs or plates, or sometimes several rows of teeth. Indeed we find a large number of patterns connected by more or less numerous stages of develop- ment, and which Breitenbach believes may furnish useful systematic characters. Every step in the evolution of the simple hair to the perfected barb on the proboscis of Ophideres may be traced. The author seeks to reconcile the view that these structures are taste organs, by suggest- ing that this function may belong to the simple hairs, some of which, however, have been developed by natural selection into boring organs.”
Mr. Jules Kiinckel™ has examined the termination of the nerves in the proboscis
82 Arch. Mikr. Anat., v. 15, p. 8, and Katter’s Entom. Nachr., v. 5, p. 238.
33 See also a note in Carus’ Zool. Anzeig., v. 2, p. 427.
84 Assoc. Franc. Avance. Sci. (1878), 771. From notice in Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., v. 2, p. 865.
34
of diptera. The two terminal flaps of the proboscis represent the labial palpi. The trachea-like internal structures are not real tracheae, but simply supports of the flaps. Parallel to the large trunk of these false tracheae, is the labial nerve, which soon divides into two parts, and sends a multi- tude of ramifications to the periphery and inner surface of the flaps. The former terminate in the marginal, well developed, hairs; the latter in the rudimentary hairs of the inner surface, which are reduced to a minute chitinous cylinder. The nerve filament that goes to a hair ends in the base of the latter ; but in the rudimentary hairs the filament traversing the cylinder projects beyond. These are probably gustatory, and the former tactile.
Mr. V. T. Chambers® describes the structure of the tongue in some hymenop- tera. In the Apidae he decides it is a sucking organ, but not in the Andrenidae. The honey in the former passes through a hollow colorless tube open at the apex, with a smallest diameter of 1-20th of a mil- limetre ; but in the latter this tube is imper- forate at the apex. Mr. J. D. Hyatt also discusses * the same subject, differing, how- ever, from Mr. Chambers, in believing the colorless rod to be open along the median ventral line, and applied to the ventral, instead of dorsal, internal aspect of the tongue itself. Both writers are unfortu- nately unacquainted with the recent descrip- tions of Wollf and Graber.
Mr. Chatin compares™ the labium in the orthoptera with the maxilla, and finds that the pieces of the latter have homolo-
85 Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 1, p. 40, 161.
35 Amer. Quart. Micr. Journ., v. 1, p. 287.
87 Comptes rend., vy. 87.
PSYCHE.
Locusta viridissima is taken as an example.
I have myself attempted ® to describe the structure of the head, and more par- ticularly of the maxillae, in the Psovidae. The latter are remarkable for their fork- like appendage, the morphology of which is not clear. Supposed salivary recepta- cles are also described.
The most valuable paper relating to the digestive system is Dr. E. Schindler’s monograph® on the Malpighian vessels. After the usual prefatory history of the conflicting views as to their function, Dr. Schindler describes these organs in detail in the orthoptera. Histologically, by the way, each tube shows (1) a serous mem- brane, (2) a delicate tunica propria, (3) the glandular epithelium, and sometimes (4) an intima with pores. The author could not find the vessels in Thysanoura ; in Lepisma, however, he believes there are eight arising from the posterior end of the chylific stomach. In Mantis they are inserted at the end of the first third of the small intestine. The Malpighian tubes in the Gryllidae, as well known, are remark- able in the possession of a common excre- tory duct, which Dr. Schindler finds has The term- inal appendages, imperfectly.described by Sirodot, are shown to belong to the con- nective tissues, and have not in any way an excretory function. Heidenhain’s sul- phindigotate experiment was tried with Gryllotalpa and Locusta (by injections of course), and the Malpighian vessels were found to act just like the mammalian urin-
38 Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., v. 19, p. 291; also Psyche, v. 2, No. 45.
39 Zeitschr. wiss. Zoologie, v. 30, p. 587.
gues in the former.
a peculiar muscular envelope.
PSYCHE. 35
ary tubules. The gradual passage of the sulphindigotate could be traced through the excretory cells. The yellow and white forms of tubes are regarded as identical in function, and moreover the former are probably only a younger stage of the white tubes.
The pseudoneuroptera are very like the orthoptera in the Malpighian vessels, and contract into the genuine neuroptera, when the number of tubes is only six or eight.
Leaving the orthoptera, the other groups are then briefly treated.
Dr. Schindler doubts Dr. Mark’s opin- ion that the vessels are ever solid in Le- canium, Aspidiotus, &c., as he has never failed to find a lumen in the case of every insect examined, although the genera-in question do not appear to have been among the number.
The diptera are found to present sev- eral points of interest. The assertion that Culex and Psychoda have five Malpighian vessels is confirmed, and these genera are thus the only known exceptions among in- sects to the rule that the number of vessels istwo or some multiple. A singular differ- ence was found between Eristalis tenax and E. florens. The former shows the normal form of epithelial cells, while they are convex or even conical externally in the latter, giving the vessels a sort of gnarled surface, in the little hillocks of which the nucleus lies, drawing to it the granular contents of the cell, and leaving the inner portion pellucid. In Sarcophaga carnaria cells in different regions of a tube were seen multiplying by division and by proliferation.
In the fan-winged moths six vessels were
49 Giebel’s Zeitschr. ges. Naturwiss., v. 51, p. 493.
found, as in other lepidoptera, contrary to Suckow’s affirmation that they have only four. In a noctuid pupa all six vessels were found opening into a simple duct, — probably a malformation. Important ob- servations on the sympathetic nerve supply of the Malpighian vessels was made in Lu- prepia, to which I can only refer.
Dr. Schindler declares confidently that his researches must forever settle all dis- pute about the function of the Malpigh- ian vessels. They are certainly urinary organs.
The opposite view is, nevertheless, main- tained by Dr. H. Simroth, in a paper on the digestive system of the larva of Osmo- derma eremita,® who believes that, in this ease at least, these vessels must be hepatic. First, because they open into the digestive tract on the same level with the posterior coecal appendages which exist in this larva, and the presence, moreover, of a gutter-like arrangement, which Simroth believes must lead their secretion even farther forward in the digestive tract. Second, he has not found urinary contents ; finally, because digestion must take place posteriorly to their insertion. We have such conclusive evidence in many cases of the renal nature of the Malpighian vessels that it is hard to believe that we have a real exception here; and if we concede to such an exception, the absence of renal organs must still be explained. Simroth’s arguments at least show the necessity of farther study of the action of the compli- cated parts in this insect, which Simroth carefully describes, but of which it would be hard to give an intelligible account here.
Mr. Felix Plateau continues his re-
36
searches on the digestive organs, by a pa- per 41 The digestive tube shows three divisions: an oral, middle, and terminal. The first may be short and broad (Julus), or long and narrow (Geophilus). The epithelial layer is sometimes wanting, and the cuticle has sometimes projecting points. The terminal division is often short, but in some forms (Gilomeris) becomes very long, and is coiled. There is a pair of salivary glands, and one or two pairs of Malpighian tubes ; the latter open at the end of the mid-gut, and seem to be urinary organs. Dr. Forel * describes the gizzard in the different groups of ants, claiming its im- portance, and the importance of a general knowledge of internal as well as external anatomy, for natural classification. The gizzard in the ants is composed of three divisions, the second of which is a simple slender tube, the cylindrical protrusion of which into the interior of the stomach form the third division, which differs only in this position in the stomach from the sec- ond. The cuticular intima of these divisions turns on itself at the opening of the third, into the stomach, and thus covers it ex- ternally ; but on reaching the gastric cells of the stomach it vanishes, leaving the stomach without any intima, — differing from the rest of the digestive tract in this respect. The middle or cylindrical division never varies in the different genera except
on this system in the myriapods.
as to length, but it disappears entirely in
some groups. Anteriorly the cylindrical
part expands suddenly into the anterior di-
vision — the true gizzard — which in con- #1 Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belg., v. 42.
42 Bull. Soc. Vaudoise des Sci. nat., v. 15, p. 337. 43 Bull. Acad. Belg., v. 46, p. 698-706. There
PSYCHE.
trast to the former, varies in the different groups. This division consists of two parts, a globular ‘* bowl ” and a cylindrical ‘* calyx,” the latter the anterior. In these the interior cuticle is thrown into four large longitudinal folds, so that the lumen is X-shaped in cross section. Between the ‘* bowl” and the ‘‘ calyx” there is a valy- ular apparatus of four pieces, correspond- ing to the fold. Four powerful longitudi- nal muscles lie in the fold. The structure of this anterior division, as seen from the description just given, is too complex to be understood properly without reference to the figures. The forms occuring in differ- ent genera are described, and their value for classification is pointed out.
Mr. V. Liénard has published * some ‘* Recherches sur la structure de l’appareil digestif des Mygales et des Néphiles,” which have not yet reached us. A note im Carus’ Anzeiger states as a result, ‘‘ There is no glandular organ attached to the cephalo- thoracic portion of the intestine; the branches of the latter ramify more and more as the size of the animal increases.”
Mr. L. Joulin* shows graphically the changes in weight undergone by a lepidop- ter, from birth to death, by a curve, the ordinates of which represent the weight, and the abscissae the age, of an individual. The curve is seen to ascend with great ra- pidity, till the larva ceases to eat, then falls as suddenly till nearly half reduced, when it declines gently during the last pupal days, suddenly falling at exclusion, — the result of the lost weight of cast skin, &e. — from which time there is another grad- is also a “ Rapport sur ce travail,” Ibid., p. 586-7, by M. F. Plateau.
44 Comptes rendus, v. 87, p. 334.
PSYCHE:
ual fall till death, varied of course in feed- ing imagos by slight rises and falls.
Prof. Engelmann communicates * some observations made by Van Lidth de Jeude, on the silk glands of the silk worm. Each gland beyond the common duct, con- sists of a very fine duct, a stout, little con- torted, intermediate division (so-called res- ervoir), and a long much contorted final division; each part has a delicate mem- brana propria, andan epithelial layer. The inner surface of the duct and beginning of the next part have also a firm cuticle. Nu- merous fine tracheae penetrate the epithel- ium of the middle and end divisions, as do also accompanying on independent nerve fibres. the three portions ; two cells only appear The nature of the protoplasm of the cells of each division is further described at length. The silk-gum and the yellow coloring mat- ter were found to be secreted by the middle The specific peculiarities of the silk are developed after the union of the two ducts. Silk spun under water was found not to differ from that spun in the air, thus precluding the idea that drying is necessary.
Concerning the nervous system may first be mentioned the papers of Dr. Edouard Brandt,** who has undertaken a most com-
The epithelial cells are diverse in
in a cross section (more in Cossus).
division.
prehensive series of studies on this subject, 1032 species of hymenoptera, coleoptera, hemiptera, lepidoptera, and diptera having been examined. ‘The results show: 1. In some forms, as in Stylops, the suboesopha-
45 Carus’ Zool. Anzeig., v.1,p. 100. Original in Onderzock. Phys. Labr. Utrecht. 3 R. v. 2, p. 115.
46 T have not seen the original papers in the Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross., vy. 14 and 15. My informa-
37
geal ganglion fuses with the next posterior. 2. ‘*Convolutions” of the brain occur in all; but (3) vary in different individuals of the same species, and are less developed in the males of the social hymenoptera 4. A connection between the development of the instincts and that of the brain hemispheres. 5. The labrum nerves arise from the oeso- phageal nerve-ring. 6. When two thora- cic ganglia exist, the first corresponds to the first or the first two larval ganglia ; the second to the one or two thoracic and one 7. The number of ganglia may vary in the same species, e. g., bees and wasps. lion may be compound instead of the ulti- mate one. 9. Bombus and Tenthredo have a thoracic sympathetic system like that of the abdomen. 10. The resolution of one lar- val ganglion into a number in the adult may occur, as in Volucella. 11. In cases of a single ganglion in the thorax of hemiptera, this corresponds to the last two thoracic and all the abdominal ganglia. 12. Lepi- doptera have four abdominal and either two or three thoracic ganglia.
Mr. N. M. Wagner” points out the supra-oesophageal ganglion as the seat of almost all the functions of the cerebral hemispheres of the vertebrates, and it, in correlation, has a more complex structure than the succeeding ganglia, though formed on the same plan. Nerve cells occupy the periphery, and fibres the interior ; towards the centre are three groups of small cells one above the other, and connected by a
than in the females and workers.
abdominal ganglia.
8. The penultimate gang-
tion is taken from the Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., v. 2, p. 863. See also Comptes Rend., v. 89, p. 475.
47 Comptes rend., 1879, p.378. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov. 1879, p. 398.
38 PSYCHE.
large number of fibres. is intimately connected with the convolu- tions. Intercrossing of fibres occurs in each optic lobe, coordinating the vision of the components of each eye, but there is no intercrossing between those of opposite eyes.
Dr. J. H. L. Flégel * makes the most important contribution yet given to the knowledge of the internal structure of the insect brain. sections of the brains of very many spe- cies, and the paper is accompanied by a dozen selected photographs from these preparations. In the cockroach, for exam- ple, he succeeds in making 60-80 trans- verse, and in one case even 350 longitu- dinal, sections. This insect was unexpect- edly found to have a remarkable brain de- velopment, perfectly comparable with that of the higher hymenoptera. The most im- portant parts of the brain are those form- ing a sort of interior framework, on which the rest of the brain is seemingly laid. Dr. Flégel proposes permanent names for the different parts of this framework, and finds that, starting with Blatta, the parts can be traced upwards through the brain of the hymenoptera, and downwards through the other orders.
Some few of the facts given may be here mentioned. The wasps have a brain, at one end of the series. further removed from that of the ants and bees, than is the latter from Blatta. The saw flies stand lowest of the hymenoptera in the scale, while the ichneumons approach the ants. In the lep- idoptera, coleoptera, and indeed the other groups in general, the brain is simpler, al- though it can be easily homologized with the Blatta type. In caterpillars some parts
He has made consecutive
48 Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., v. 30, Suppl., p. 556.
The front group:
are-absent or very small, and easily over- looked, and the optical lobes of the imago are, moreover, drawn into the interior of the larval brain. Flégel emphasizes three points: the constant occurence of that part of the framework which he calls the ** cen- tral body,” in the adult, while it is almost obsolete in the lepidopterous larva, but not in the hymenopterous ; the size of the lobus olfactorius in insects with small antennae, but with evidently great olfactory powers, proves, Flogel believes, that the antennae are the seat of this sense. That they are not auditory organs appears from the fact that where these are elsewhere recogniza- ble, as in the orthoptera, they are not con- nected with any marked brain centre, like the olfactory lobes. Thirdly, although the so-called framework forms the principal part of the brain, there is absolutely no connection of its fibres with the other parts of the brain to be found, —a quite inex- plicable fact. A table illustrating the rela- tions between the brains of different insects is appended to the paper.
Another very valuable contribution to this same subject is Mr. E. T. Newton’s paper * on the brain of the cockroach ; his results, reached without previous knowl- edge of Dr. Flégel’s paper, agree substan- tially with those of this author. For still further permanence of cerebral nomencla- ture, Mr. Newton latinizes Flogel’s names, and in one or two cases proposes different ones, for various reasons. The clearest figures yet given illustrate the external as- pect of the brain en face and in profile, while the figures of a model of the internal structures are very useful as a help to in- terpret the sectional views. A detailed de-
49 Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., v. 19, p. 340.
zu
PSYCHE.
scription of a number of the latter is given, with good figures. Like Flégel, Newton was unable to find the connection of the in- ternal ‘‘ framework ” with other parts of the nervous system.
Dr. E. Berger has a memoir,” which I have not been able to see, on the structure of the brain and retina in the arthropods. It is, however, noticed by Newton in the preceding paper, who says it ‘‘is largely occupied with the description of the retina and the structures to be found in the optic lobes of arthropods. It is extremely inter- esting to find that the peculiar oval bodies which Leydig figured from the optic lobe of Dytiscus, and were afterwards described and figured by me in the eye of the lobster are to be found in a more or less modified form in all the insects and crustacea de- scribed by Berger. The remarkable cross- ing of the nerve fibres between the retina and the lenticular bodies is seen not to be peculiar to the lobster. The brains of a number of insects are described, and in each of them the author seems to have found the homologues of the ‘ mushroom bodies,’ although in some, e. g., the diptera, they are very rudimentary.”
Our fellow member, Dr. E. L. Mark, has described * the nervous system of Phylloxera, correcting Prof. Riley’s * de- scription. The most striking peculiarity is the want of that concentration found in most of the plant-lice, there being two in- stead of one, post-oral ganglionic masses,
5) Arb. Inst. Wien, v. 1, p. 173.
51 Psyche, v. 2, p. 201, Jan. 1879.
52 Prof. Riley admits his error in this respect (Psyche, v. 2, p. 225). In the same note he com- bats Cornu’s opinion that the mechanical action of the puncture and the subsequent absorption of
39
the first of which is a flattened, rounded mass, connected by very stout and short commissures with the second, larger, heart- shaped ganglion, the point of which con- tinues into a median nerve which, shortly, bifurcates. A good figure of the parts is given.
Mr. Jules Kiinckel emphasizes in a short note * the importance of the nervous sys- tem as a guide to classification of insects, and discusses the affinities of the different families of diptera on this basis, a matter with which we are not here concerned ; but the fact that five families — Stratiomyidae, Conopidae, Tabanidae, Syrphidae, and certain acalypterous Muscidae — show a decentralization of the nervous system in the adult is very interesting. In these cases the ganglia, which are separated in the embryo, in the larva approach and coa- lesce, only to be again separated while in the pupal stage. Of the other diptera, some groups show the usual centralizing tendency with the development of the in- sect, and in others the ganglia remain in the same condition through life.
I have also a reference to a paper * by Mr. J. W. Slater on the nervous system, but I have not seen it.
New methods of preparation have given great impetus to the study of the eye, and we find several papers to record besides the independent work of Grenacher, already alluded to. Mr. B. T. Lowne is the author of one * on the modifications of the simple
liquid, can alone account for the development of Phylloxera, or other, galls.
53 Comptes rend., v. 89, p. 491. 54 The Entomologist, v. 12, p. 291. 65 Phil. Trans., v. 169, p. 577.
40
and compound eye in insects. The former is believed to be of little use except merely in perceiving the intensity of light. The latter includes two radically different eyes : a true compound eye in the brachycerous diptera, the lepidoptera, orthoptera, and coleoptera ; and the aggregate eye in the hymenoptera, nematocerous diptera, hem- iptera, and many coleoptera. The de- tails of structure are of course too complex to admit of an intelligible abstract. Miil- ler’s, or the ‘‘ mosaic” theory of vision is regarded as the most probable, and Mr. Lowne’s remarks on the sharpness of insect vision are most interesting. -Aeschna, Ves- pa, and Bombus are supposed to see an object 20 feet distant, in the same detail as man would do at 160 feet, and this when the object is in the line of greatest sharp- ness of vision. Tabanus sees in the same way at 20 to 360; Syrphus, 20 to 1200, Noctua, 20 to 2400, and Tipula, 20 to 4800. In Mr. Lowne’s view then, the in- sect eye is far from sharp-sigh‘ed, and if he is correct it would seem difficult to explain the delicate patterns of coloration by sexual selection, as has generally been done. Prof. Grenacher’s work leads Dr. V. Graber * to publish an important paper on the simple eye of the Tracheata, especially referring to spiders and myriapods, the lat- ter group having been neglected by Grena- cher. stemma, shows the pore canals as well as the lamination of the rest of the cuticula. The crystalline body (hypoderm) is sepa- rated from the retina by a lamella, which is the extension of the inner cuticular mem- brane which underlies the hypoderm.
56 Arch. Mik. Anat., v. 17, p. 58. 57 Morphol. Jahrbuch, v. 4, p. 279.
The cornea of the simple eye or
PSYCHE.
This fact speaks against the hypodermic origin of the retina. The inner cuticula also extends downwards, clothing the whole retinal elements (sclera). The retinal seg- ments are not single cells like those of the facetted eye, but show a basal ganglionic cell and a nucleated distal cylinder. The axial rod of the cylinder in Buthus seems to be a direct continuation of the ganglion cell, and so of an optic fibre. The stemma of Buthus is nota single optic element, but really a pentamerous compound eye. Graber also points out the similarity be- tween the auditory elements (in Acrid- ium) and the optic elements are described. Mr. Anton Stecker® finds that in the pseudo-scorpion genus Chernes, which is usually eyeless, some specimens possess In Chernes cimicoides specimens were found with transparent
rudimentary eyes.
spots in the position of the eyes in chilo- pods. To these spots an optic nerve pro- ceeds from the optie lobes, but there is no About 33 per cent. of the specimens were thus semi- eyed. The rest were totally blind, and wanted the optic nerves. The former class were offspring of seeing parents, while if either parent was sightless, the young were always so. With these most interesting discoveries, is added the fact that the optie nerve seems to send many of its fibres to the connective tissue under the epiderm, thus assuming another function.
Oscar Schmidt * in a short paper on the crystalline cone in arthropoda, discusses the mosaic theory of sight. His observations were mostly on the crustacea, a single par- agraph refering to Dyticus, in the eye of
trace of the crystalline rods.
58 Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. v. 30, Suppl., p. 1.
PSYCHE. 41
which he succeeded in finding some obligue crystalline cones.
Graber also describes an organ which he discovered in the antennae of several dip- tera, which he regards as auditory. This organ lies within the third antennal joint, on the inside and near the base. It is, briefly, a closed globular thick-walled, chitinous capsule, the wall being made up of rounded or oval plates, from each one of which springs interiorly a hair; a layer of epi- thelial cells surrounds the capsule, and out- side of this a tunica propria. A large nerve branch runs to this organ, but the intimate connection between the elements of the two could not be made out. Graber thinks, as will be supposed, that the hairs vibrate to sound waves, and he sees noth- ing to indicate that the organ may be other than auditory. The ordinary hairs cloth- ing the antennae, Graber shows, are in connection with special nerve elements, and are probably organs of touch.
Another singular organ Graber finds © in an unknown dipterous larva, and this, too, as it can apparently be nothing else, is thought auditory. It is situated under the dorsal integument, from which it is quite independent, at the junction of the ninth and tenth segments, and just behind the dorsal vessel. It consists of a pear-shaped sac, prolonged backwards into a fine tube, the end of which, lying in the terminal seg- ment, unfortunately could not be demon- strated ; but Graber thinks the sac and its tube represent an infolding of the integu- ment. ‘I'wo diverging muscles inserted on the sides of the eighth segment support the
59 Arch. Mikr. Anat., v. 16, p. 36. Abstract, Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc., v. 2, p. 45. 60 Tbid., p. 47.
61 Carus’ Zool. Anzeig., v. 2, p. 229.
forward end, the sac being thus suspended by two anterior and one posterior (the tube) braces. Within the sae are eight black rounded bodies, borne on short stalks, and looking like so many berries. These bodies — the presumed otoliths — are hung in four pairs, one behind the other, thus giv- ing a segmented character to the organ, which is still more apparent from the fact that the second pair, and the third and fourth — which are united together — lie in separate sacs within the first, like the coats of an onion. The organ is supplied with a nerve on each side, but nothing more definite could be shown. As to this larva, Dr. Hermann Krauss ® states that it is the larva of Tabanus autumnalis L., and that Prof. Brauer pointed out the organ in question to his classes four years ago. Krauss affirms that it is o be found in the perfect insect, by the study of which its nature can perhaps be settled.
With regard to the supposed antennal otocysts of Graber, Dr. Paul Mayer in a letter to Carus’ Zool. Anzeiger (v. 2, p. 182), states that these are by no means closed vescicles but are really wide-open mouthed sacs. Moreover that though only one is present in Syphus and Drosophila, Sicus has at least three, and Eristalis a whole series, of them. Indeed, Mayer thinks the size of the third antennal joint stands in direct relation to the number of these organs borne on it. Musca vomitoria has nearly fifty, for example, which in this case have been described and figured by Leydig,” so that Graber cannot claim them as his discovery. Mayer believes them
62 Miiller’s Arch., 1860, p. 276, pl. 8. They are also described in Mr. Lowne’s monograph on the Blow-fly, London, 1870. This writer believes them olfactory organs.
42
probably sense organs, and has traced, in stained sections, nerve fibres into the hair- bearing hypodermic cells, but whether they are auditory or olfactory must be decided by future investigations.
Dr. Mayer has also published a longer paper,” with plates, on the same organs. The hairs in the vesicles are pale and trans- parent, with rounded tips, and the euticula is also pale and delicate ; each hair belongs to a single cell, which sends up a process into the lumen of the hair. This is always the case, even in the small single-haired fossae. The observations of F. Berte,® on the antennae of Pulex, are criticized as very inaccurate.
Dr. G. Haller © describes the respiratory The lateral tracheal trunks end separately in the longer anal process.
system of mosquito larvae.
The shorter process has
gills furnished with branches from one of
the main trunks. In the terminal segments of the larva is also an air reservoir con- sisting of a number of fine tracheal branch- lets, probably supplied by the second trunk. Hairs on the breathing tube are regarded as sensory, and connected with the terminal nerve ganglion. Other hairs on the body, including some resembling lepidopterous scales, are described. The breathing pore is provided with closing valves, but there is no similar arrangement in the pupal breathing horns.
Dr. Philip Bertkau in a paper © on a nat- ural system of Arachnids, makes a few re- marks on the tracheae of some spiders, fig- ures of which are subjoined.
68 Mem. R. Accad. Lincei. Roma, 4 maggio 1879.
6+ Ricerche Lab. Anat. Roma, 1878, y. 2, p. 77-82.
6 Arch. Naturg., v. 44, p 91.
norm. R. Univers.
PSYCHE.
I have only found one reference to the circulatory system of insects, which is a short note in Carus’ Zool. Anzeiger (v. 1, p- 274), by Dr. Béla Dezso, stating that in insects, myriapods and spiders, there are as many pairs of clefts in the dorsal vessel as there are pairs of stigmata.
Schmiedeknecht in a monograph of the Thuringian species of Bombus, describes the male genitalia of each species, and he finds in them widely distinct specific char- acters. [ive pieces are recognized in these organs, and German names proposed, but these seem in no way preferable to the latin nomenclature of Thompson.
The types of the external male genitalia of the European butterflies are described and figured by Dr. F. B. White,® whose paper will be of value to systematists. The apical segment, the dorsal element of which Dr. White calls the ** tezumen,” is wrongly regarded as the eighth instead of the ninth.
Besides the paper on the gizzard in ants already mentioned, Dr. Aug. Forel has published another important anatomical contribution on the poison and anal glands of these insects. A careful descrip- tion is given of the former, and of its mod- According to the character of the poison reservoir the Formicidae are divided into two sharp groups, Camponotidae and Dolichoderidae. In the former, the reservoir is very large, and dorsally between its tunica propria and intima it is padded, so to speak, with the folds of an immensely long tube, simple or
branching, which is probably a continua-
ifications in different genera.
66 Arch. Naturg., v. 44, p. 351.
67 Jenaische Zeitschr. Nat., v. 12, p. 303.
68 Linn. Trans., s. 2, Zool., v. 1, p. 357.
89 Zeitschr. wiss. Zool., v. 30, Suppl. p. 28.
PSYCHE.
tion of the tube in the poison glands, and which, after winding over the reservoir, finally opens into it. the reservoir is smaller, the homologous tube is short, and ends in a knob-like ex- pansion in the interior of the reservoir.
In the second group
Moreover, the tube does not simply pierce the wall of the reservoir, but pushes it in- wards, as it were, thus making for itself another envelope. The histology of the different parts is fully discussed, and many important general deductions are made. Besides the poison apparatus, Forel has discovered that the Dolichoderidae also possess anal glands and sacs, similar to those found in many insects, especially beetles. This anal sac lies above the di- gestive tract, and opens above the anus. Its secretion is probably mephitic, and recalls the secretion of Wolff’s mandibular glands in the bees. The author believes that Wolff is greatly in error in regard to his supposed organ of smell in the bees, which have indeed little development of this sense. From simple experiments on Polistes the antennae certainly seem the seat of the or- gan in question.
The sting of the honey-bee is the subject of a short paper™ by Mr. J. D. Hyatt. The hard parts and their mode of action are described, and illustrated by sectional and other drawings. made out.
Two papers relating to the male and fe- male reproductive apparatus of the cock- roach, I have not seen. One, however, by Mr. Siegf. Brehm™ appears to be written in Russian. The second” by Mr. Du-
Nothing new seems to be
70 Amer. Quart. Micr. Journ., v. 1, p. 3. 71 Dissertatio Inaug., St. Petersburg, 1879.
43
champ, treats of the structure and develop- ment of the egg capsule ; a subject also no- ticed by Dr. H. Kadyi, in a note” on the ego laying apparatus of the cockroach. The the formed by two shield-like pro-
sexual opening lies in a chamber
vulva
cesses of the seventh abdominal segment, and covered above by the anal segments. At the base of the vulva opens the vagina, a coecal, flattened tube, containing numer- ous chitinous structures, and among them three palpus-like organs. On the ventral vaginal wall is the common opening of the two oviducts ; and opposite that of the re- cept. seminis, and of the two accessory glands, a large branched one on the left, and a small one, hitherto overlooked, on the right. tion over the closed vulvar plates, to form the end of the egg case, which is thus a As the eggs are placed in position, the end of the case is gradually protruded, until it contains the regular number — sixteen —
These glands pour their secre-
cast of the inner surface of the plates.
one from each ovarian tube. The posterior directed end of the escaping egg is placed downward in the case, and the eggs from the right ovary occupy the left side of the case, and vice versa. The inner end of the latter bears the marks of the papillae which hold it, and thus differs from the outer end. In concluding this review, I have only to say that I do not claim it as a complete record, but I hope to have given you a fair idea of the amount and character of the latest additions to our knowledge of insect anatomy. Epwarp Burcess. Boston, 9 Jan. 1880.
72 Revue Se. Nat., Montpellier, v. 7, p. 423. 78 Carus’ Zool. Anzeig., v. 2, p. 682.
44 PSYCHE.
Sa Hi Ey
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., MARCH 1880.
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Editors and contributors are only responsible for the statements made in their own communications.
Works on subjects not related to entomology will not be reviewed in PSYCHE.
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TITLE SLIPS.
The only kind of bibliographical record yet devised which can be always current, and still be conveniently arranged, is a card catalog. Recognizing this fact, most libraries in the front rank of the science catalog their books by a card system. To enable such libraries to work together and in the best way, a committee of the Ameri- ean Library Association (a society having for members the leading librarians and bibliographers of America, and, we do not hesitate to say, the most skilful managing librarians in the world), made a report upon uniform title-entries, which was pub- lished in the Library Journal (1878, v. 3, p- 12-20). In asucceeding numero of the same journal (1878, v. 3, p. 113-115), a report was made upon the subject of printed title slips, and, to put into practical shape the rules laid down in these reports, a monthly list of the books which appeared in America, during 1879, was published under the name of The Title-Slip Registry. This list was printed on one side of thin paper, for cutting and pasting upon the cards of library catalogs.
To accord with the methods of work used and so carefully planned by the Lib- rary Association the mode of recording articles in PsycnE has been changed, and, at present, the title slips which may be cut from the thin paper edition of Psycue are, in form and type, the same as those of The Title-Slip Registry. Slight changes in the record were necessary because PSYCHE re- cords not only books but also the literature found in periodicals.
A few statements in regard to the most convenient form of using these title slips may not be inappropriate for such of our readers as are not librarians or bibliogra-
phers. The size of card recommended by the
American Library Association — and kept on sale by their supply department — is 5 by 124cm. The title slip is pasted in the middle of the upper portion of this card, leaving a margin of about 3 cm. at each end. The slips are then arranged in alpha- betical order as an author-catalog ; or, by writing a suitable catch-word in the left hand margin, they may be arranged as a subject-catalog. The right hand margin remains for shelf designation or such indi- cation of possession as the owner may wish. These marginal notes may be writ- ten in pencil, thus allowing their possessor to arrange the slips, as best suits his pur- pose from time to time, by species, by gen- era, by families, or in the order of publi- cation. Care should be taken, if one prizes the appearance of his list, to secure a paste that does not turn yellow by age. A child can do the pasting of the slips. Their value will be appreciated as they Gi
accumulate.
PSYCHE.
[1519-1535] 45
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as published. The date of publication, given in brackets [], marks the time at which the work was received, unless an
earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor.
rectly from the work that is noticed.
Unless otherwise stated each record is made di-
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
Abbe, E. P. Experiments with foul brood.
(Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 450.) A method of cure is described. A.J: C. (1519)
Bees do not eat grapes. 1879, v. 15, p. 26.)
The testimony of several persons who have kept bees and raised grapes side by side for years. A.J: C. (1520)
(Amer. bee journ.,
[Bees, management of.| Water, given to bees in confinement, makes them able to endure it much longer. (Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 340.) :
The water is put in small bottles, or vials. A wick
passes from within, through a small hole in the cork. The bees sip water from the wick. A.J: C. (1521)
Benton, Frank. The next progressive step. (Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 507.) The history, characteristics, and superiority of the Cyp- rian bees are given. A.J: C. (1522)
Benton, Frank. Races of bees. journ., v. 15, p. 73.)
Ten different races or varieties and several species are described. A.J: C. (1523)
(Lib. journ., Jul.
(Amer. bee
[Books injured by insects.] —Aug. 1879, v. 4, p. 292.) Discussion, by H. A. Hagen, W. Flint, I: P. Langworthy
and S: H. Scudder, upon Hagen’s “Insect pests in libra-
ries”? (J. c., p. 251-254) [Psycune, Rec., no. 1529].
B: P.M. (1524)
Cat’s lively experience with bees (A). (“ Vir- ginia city [Nev.] enterprise,”...) (Spring- field [Mass.| d. republican, 14 Oct. 1879, p. 8, col. 4, 11 cm.)
A cat disturbs a hive of apis. G: D. (1525)
Fawcett, Edgar. Fireflies. (Atlantic monthly, July 1877, v. 40, p. 84-85.) In verse. G: D. (1526)
Flint, Weston. The croton bug as a library pest. (Lib. journ., Sept—Oct. 1879, v. 4, p. 376-877, 25 cm.)
Notice. (Academy, 6 Dec. 1879, p. 409, col. 1, 3 cm.)
Blatta germanica and 6b. orientalis injure bindings of books. Pyrethrum asaremedy. Quotes a letter by C: V. Riley on the subject. G: D. (1527)
Fry, E: Onthe utility to flowers of their beauty. (Contemporary rev., Dec. 1879, p. 574-587.)
On fertilization of flowers and its dependence on their beauty as an attraction to insects. ‘‘I see in nature both utility and beauty; but I am not convinced that the one is solely dependent on the other.’’ G: D. (1528)
Hagen, Hermann August. Insect pests in
libraries. (Lib. journ., Jul-Aug. 1879, v. 4, p. 251-254.) (Bost. morn. journ., 3 July 1879, 49 cm.
Extract. (Bost. d. advertiser, 3 July 1879, no. 22107, v. 133, no. 158, p. 4, col. 2, 18 cm.)
Review, [by J: O. Westwood,] entitled “‘ In- sects in the library.” (Gardener’s chronicle, 13 Sept. 1879, v. 12, no. 298, p. 340, col. 1-2, 31 em.)
Abstract, entitled “The insect enemies of books.” (Journ. applied sci., Oct. 1879, v. 10, p. 152, 20 cm.)
Injuries to books by anobium, dermestes, termes, ptinus fur, and blatta. Means of preventing insect-injuries in libraries. G: D.
History of observations on the subject. This paper is discussed, 7. ¢., p. 292. For the citation of works, see the author’s “Literature concerning injuries to books by in-
sects,”’ (J. c., p. 373-374) [Psycue, Rec., no. 1530). B: P. M. (1529)
Hagen, Hermann August. Literature con- cerning injuries to books by insects. (Lib. journ., Sept.-Oct. 1879, v. 4, p. 878-874.) Accompaniment to the author’s ‘Insect pests in libra-
ries” (J. ¢., p. 251-254) [Psycue, Rec., no. 1529]. Gives
the titles of 18 works (from 1724 to 1876) with analysis of
their contents. B: P. M. (1530)
Hasbrouck, J. Fertilization [of queen bees] in confinement. (Amer. kee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 518.)
The writer says he accomplishes this in a barrel, in one
end of which is an opening covered with glass. A.J: €. (1531)
Hollis, W. Ainslie. Insect galls buds. (Na- ture, 29 May 1879, v. 20, p. 95, 7 cm.)
Combats a statement, made in A. S. Wilson’s ‘‘ Insect galls buds’? (Nature, 15 May 1879, v. 20, p. 55) [Psycne, Ree. no. 1554], that ‘‘all insect-galls are in reality leaf-buds, or fruit-buds.”’ G: D. (1532)
Insect enemies of books (The). (Journ. ap- plied sci., Oct. 1879, v. 10, p. 152, 20 cm.) Abstract of H. A. Hagen’s ‘Insect pests in libraries ”’
(Lib. journ., Jul.-Aug. 1879, v. 4, p. 251-254) [PsycHe,
Rec., no. 1529]. G: D. (1533)
Jeffrey, H. L. Experiments with eggs and larvae of bees. (Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 443.)
It is shown that exposing the eggs to a low temperature
retards development of the embryo and larva. A.J: C. (1534)
Kedzie, Robert F. The composition of honey.
(Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 409.) A.J: G. (1535)
46 [1536-1555]
M., H. B. Curious facts concerning the cochi- neal insect in the Canary Islands. (Sci.amer., 22 Nov. 1879, v. 4, p. 325, col. 1, 29 cm.]
Reprint, entitled “The cochineal insect.” (Journ. applied sci., Jan. 1880, y. 11, p. 11, 27
cm.) Mode of obtaining the eggs and rearing coccus as prac- tised in the Canary Islands. G: D. (1536)
Michard, A. [Swarming of butterflies, prob- ably liparis salicis, at Montlucon, France.
(Feuilles des jeunes naturalistes, Jan. 1880, p. 39.)
a
G: D. (1537)
Mivart, St. G: The forms and colours of liv- ing creatures. (Contemporary rey., Oct. 1879, p. 313-333.)
General; contains brief allusions to insect-coloration and luminosity. G: D. (1538) {Mosquito helps to herd cattle by causing
them to congregate and be more docile.|
(Springfield |Mass.] d. republican, 29 Aug.
1879, p. 8, col. 1, 3 cm.)
G: D. (1539)
New insect pest (A). (Springfield [Mass.] d. republican, 9 July 1878, p. 4, col. 3, 15 cm.) Brief account of anthrenus scrophulariae, its distribution
in America, and the means used against it. G:D. (1540)
Noel, Paul. Chasse aux lépidoptéres noctur- nes. (Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, 1 Dec. 1879, p. 26.)
The author burns short pieces of magnesium tape, from time to time, near a lighted lantern, suspended about 1.5 metres from the ground. The insects are attracted from a distance by the bright light of the magnesium, and remain about the lantern. G: D. (1541) Piatt, J: James. The moth. (Atlantic monthly,
Aug. 1874, v. 34, p. 167.)
Four lines in verse. G: D. (1542)
Riley, C: Valentine, see First, Weston, The croton bug as a library pest [Psycue, Rec., no. 1527].
Root, A. I. The A B C of bee culture: a cyclopedia of every thing pertaining to the honey bee: bees, honey, hives, implements, honey plants, &e., &c.: compiled from facts gleaned from the experience of thousands of bee-keepers all over our land, and afterward verified by practical work in our own apiary. Medina, Ohio, A. I. Root, 1879, 265 p. il., cl. $1.25.
The author is editor of one of the leading U. S. apicul- tural journals, an extensive manufacturer and dealer in apiarian implements, a cultivator of bee-plants, and a prac-
tical apiarist, of large experience. The book is in form of a dictionary. A.J: C. (1548)
Sandal wood. (Sci. amer., 16 Aug. 1879, v.
41, p. 97, col. 1-2, 34 em.) (New remedies, | Oct. 1879, vy. 8, p. 300-301, 48 cm.)
Notes that, in India, according to Dr. Berthold See- mans, “‘ After felling the trees [santalum] the bark is re- moved at once, the trunks are cut into billets two feet [60 cm.] in length, and these are buried in dry ground for about two months, during which time the white ants [termes] eat away all the outer wood without touching the heart.” G: D. (1544)
PSYCHE.
Saunders, W: [Portrait, full page.] remedies, Oct. 1877, v. 6, no. 10.)
(New
G: D. (1545)
Siewers, C: Godfrey. White satin and black lined leaf-roller. (Valley naturalist, 1878, v.
1, p. 6.) Conchilodes platinalis, and perhaps all tortricidae, are jumpers. B: P.M. (1546)
Thiriat, Xavier. Phosphorescence des scolo- pendres [scolopendra electrica|. (Feuille des jeunes naturalistes, Dec. 1879, p. 26.)
G: D. (1547)
Treat, Mary. Notes on the slave-making ant. (Amer. nat., Nov. 1879, v. 15, p. 707-708.) Battles between formica sanguinea and f. fusca. F.
sanguinea also attacks f. schaufussii and two species of
aphaenogaster, but never attacks camponotus meleus and polyergus lucidus. G: D. (1548)
Trelease, W: The fertilization of our native species of clitoria and centrosema. (Amer. nat., Nov, 1879, v. 13, p. 688-692, 8 fig.)
Mentions a few insects.
G: D. (1549)
[Wasps’ nests ignited by spontaneous combus-
tion.| (Lebanon [IIL] journal, 1 Noy. 1878, 7 em.) (Psyche advertiser, Sept.Dec. 1878, p. 8.)
G: D. (1550)
[ Westwood, J: Obadiah.| Insects in the li- brary. (Gardener’s chronicle, 13 Sept. 1879, v. 12, no. 298, p. 340, col. 1-2, 31 cm.)
Rey. of H. A. Hagen’s ‘‘ Insect pests in libraries ”’ (T.ib. journ., 1879, v. 4, p. 251-254) [Psycue, Rec., no. 1529], made before the receipt of Hagen’s supplementary paper entitled, ‘‘ Literature concerning injuries to books by in- sects ’’ (l. ¢., p. 373-374) PsycueE, Rec., no. 1530], and no- ticing several insects, publications, and remedies not men- tioned by Hagen. : (1551)
Whistling tree (The). 7 Feb. 1880, p. 11, 9 cm.) Cup-shaped galls or secretions of some insect upon a spe-
cies of acacia tree, in Nubia and Soudan, cause, according
to Dr. Schweinfurth, a whistling as the wind passes through
the tree. (1552)
Willard, W.J. Bees eaten by shrew, sorez. (Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 161.)
Does serious damage to bees if they are left on their summer stands in winter. A.J: C. (1553)
(Colonies and India,
Wilson, A. Stephen. Insect galls buds. (Na- ture, 15 May 1879, v. 20, p. 55, 16 cm.) Crit. rev.,by W. A. Hollis. (Nature, 29 May 1879, v. 20, p. 95, 7 em.) ‘* All insect-galls are in reality leaf-buds, or fruit-buds
They are not mere amorphous excrescences.”’ G: D. (1554)
NECROLOGY FOR 1879.
Haag, Georg. [Biog. note.] 9 Feb. 1880, jahrg. 3, p. 72.) Dr. Haag was b. 10 Oct. 1830 at Frankfort-on-the-Main,
where he died 20 Noy. 1879. Better known to entomolo-
gists as Dr. Haag-Ruthenberg, Ruthenberg being the maid-
en name of his wife. G: D. (1555)
(Zool. Anzeiger,
PSYCHE.
47
ENTOMOLOGICAL ITEMS.
M. Datmas — so Les Mondes informs us —has succeeded in destroying the phylloxera by wrap- ping thin copper wire round the stems of the vine, and passing the current from a powerful voltaic battery through it. Both the mature insects and their eggs are said to be completely disorganized by the electricity.—-Athenaeum, 27 Dec. 1879, p. 853.
THE INFLUENCE of quinine upon silkworms has been satisfactorily proved by C. LeDoux. Broods of caterpillars suffering from flacquerie were speedily restored by sprinkling their food with quinine sulphate. The same treatment proved successful in cases of “pebrine” with open wounds.—Mo. journ. sci., Noy. 1879, s. 3, v. 1, p. 765°
A REVISION of the Lampyridae will shortly be published by Mr. Henry S. Gorham of Ship- ley, Horsham, England. Mr. Gorham would be glad to see specimens of this group from Amer- ica, and especially from Central America below the United States to the Isthmus of Darien. He also desires to obtain specimens of the genera Pleotomus LeC., Phausis LeC., Microphotus LeC., Phengodes Hof., and Pierotus LeC.
ABRASION OIL is, according to the “ Gist. Land wirth. Wochenblatt,” obtained in China from the seeds of Elaeococca cordata, and is said to be an excellent protective against noxious insects. The tree, which belongs to the family of the Luphor- biaceae, prospers in the south of France, where its culture is recommended, in the hope of the oil proving a specific for the Phylloxera and the Oid- tum. — Mo. journ. sci., Noy. 1879, s. 3, v. 1, p. 756.
Cases OF poisoning by caterpillars have been observed both in cows and ducks. The former experienced gastric symptoms, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, &c., but were all restored by means of mucilaginous drinks and a diet of boiled potatoes and bran. Ninety ducks were turned into a cab- bage-field infested with the caterpillars of the common white (Pieris brassicae). In one after- noon the field was almost clear, but two ducks died after an hour. The next morning twenty were found dead, and altogether fifty-three per- ished. The flesh of the dead, on examination, was found to resemble that of cattle which die of gangrene, indicating true poisoning. — Mo. journ. sci., Novy. 1879, s. 3, v. 1, p. 765.
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Cambridge En- tomological Club will be held at 19 Follen St., at 7.45 p. m., on the days following : —
9 Jan. 1880. 9 April 1880.
15 Feb. ,, 14 May 12 Mar. ,, 11 June ,,
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary.
”
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological Section of the Boston Society of Natural History will be held at N. W. corner of Berkeley and Boylston Sts., Boston, Mass., at 7.45 p.m., on the days following : —
28 Jan. 1880. 26 Apr. 1880. 25 Feb. ,, 26 May ,, 24 Mar. ,,
B: Prickman Mann, Secretary.
THE ANNUAL meetings of the Entomological Section of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science will begin at 2 p. m., on Tuesday, 24 Aug. 1880, at a place yet to be de- termined, in Boston, Mass. Members who intend to present communications that may provoke discussion are requested to allow the Secretary to announce their subjects, in order that other members may come ready to enter into a thor- ough discussion.
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary, Cambridge, Mass.
THE REGULAR meetings of the Entomological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia, Pa., will be held at S. W. corner of 19th and Race Sts., on the days following : —
9 Jan. 1880. 9 Apr. 1880. 13 Feb. ,, 14 May ,, 12 Mar. ,, 11 June ,, James H. Ripine6s, Recorder.
THE SEMI-ANNUAL meetings of the American Entomological Society will be held at 8. W. cor- ner of 19th and Race Sts., Philadelphia, Pa., on the days following : —
8 Dec. 1879. 14 June 1880. James H. Ripines,
Recording Secretary.
ADVERTISEMENTS
should reach the editors by the 10th of the month preceding the one in which they are to appear.
BLANK INSECT LABELS.
=
No. 2. —50 on a sheet.
No, 1.—40 on a sheet.
Blank Labels for Insects, of the sizes annexed, printed in red, on good quality of paper, at two cents a sheet, or sixty sheets for a dollar.
Address B: PICKMAN MANN, Cambridge, Mass.
TORTRICIDAE WANTED.
I am desirous of obtaining as many North American TORTRICIDAE as possible, for the pur- pose of studying this family. I shall be glad to name and return any TORTRICIDAE forwarded to me for this purpose, save such as may prove new and desirable to retain for description.
Pack carefully, and direct to PROF. C. H. FERNALD, Orono, Me.
PUBLISHED FORTNIGHTLY. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (Postpain), M 6.50 = $1.62.
Entomologische Nachrichten, VI. Jahrg. 1880.
Herausgegeben von Dr. F. Katter.
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“It is a complete repository of interesting and instruc- tive notices ; of practical directions for collecting, obsery- ing, and preparing specimens; of proposals for exchange and sale of insects ; of literary information and notices of books; and correspondence. In short, it has proved itself the special organ for the encouragement and progress of the Science of Entomology.”
May be obtained of all booksellers; and from the publisher,
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LEPIDOPTERA.
Living cocoons, pupae and ova of American lep- idoptera bought or exchanged for other species, by Monsieur ALFRED WAILLY, (Membre-Lauréat de la Société @’Acclimatation de France ),
110 Clapham Road, London, S. W., England.
DIMMOCK’S SPECIAL BIBLIOGRAPHIES.
No.1. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF JOHN L. LECONTE. Compiled by Samuel Henshaw. Edi- ted by George Dimmock. Nov. 1878. 11 p.t 19X 12.5, Price, 30 cents; on5 X 12.5 title-slips, $1.25.
No, 2. THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WRITINGS OF GEORGE H. Horn. Compiled by Samuel Hen- shaw. Edited by George Dimmock. Jan. 1879. 6 p.t19X 12.5. Price, 20 cents; on 5X 12.5 title- slips, 50 cents.
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Address EDITORS OF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass.
FOR SALE.
Zuphium americanum, Thalpius dorsalis and pyg- maeus, Dynastes tityus, Megalosoma elephas male, (body 12.7 em. long by 5.2 em. wide), Sandalus ni- ger, Goes tigrina, Goes tessellata, Ptychodes vittata, Phyton pallidum, Pteroplatus variabilis (sallei), Cal- lichroma splendidum, Leptura erythroptera, Plectro- dera scalator, Acanthocinus nodosus, Cylas formica- rius, Ischnocerus infuscatus, and all other Louisiana coleoptera, at reasonable rates. Apply to
WILLIAM MISCHE, 350 St. Peter St., New Orleans, La.
GALLS AND GALL INSECTS.
The undersigned desires, either by exchange or otherwise, Galls from all parts of the United States. He is especially interested in those made by Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera and Diptera. Correspondence in reference to Gall growths, or other vegetable abnormities, is invited.
CHARLES V. RILEY, Washington, D, C.
Nos. 65-68 were issued 9 Apr. 1880. No. 70 was issued 6 Mar. 1880.
es ES) gl Be
ORGAN OF THE CAMBRIDGE ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB. [Established in 1874. ]
EDITED BY
Gerorce Dimmock, Cambridge, Mass.; B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass. ; Apert J: Coox, Lansing, Mich.; Cuiirrorp Cuase Eaton,
Cambridge, Mass.
Vol. 3. No. 72.
Aprit 1880.
CONTENTS: ADVERTISEMENTS ‘ a . : 4 : 50 Lire History oF eoven a PALLENS mea Hes Beli oe =< aaa ‘61-53 Nore on NortH AMERICAN TRYPETIDAE — Charles Robert Osten Sacken 3 ‘ 3 Sas: Procrrepines oF SocieTies—Entom. Sect. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, — Reviews - ; Adie! BrIsLi0GRAPHICAL RECORD ‘ ‘ 3 : , - 3 r : ; : 55-58 Enromooeicat Items — Society tas - ‘ : ° : 2 = F « 69 ADVERTISEMENTS s - : : i : : : 4 > : Shah kite : s.. 60
CamBripGe, Mass,, U. S. A.: PusiisHep By Grorce Dimmock,
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ENTOMOLOGISTS’ MATERIALS FOR SALE.
Klaegevr’s best Insect-pins, 36 mm. long, no, 60-5; 39 mm. long, no. 00-7. Per 1000: no. 2-6, $1.10; oth- ers, $1.20. Per 5000, $5.00 and $5.50. Other sorts on hand or to order. Pins sold at these rates only in packages of 500; smaller lots, 20 cts. per 100; sam- ples, 6 cts.
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Blank labels, red-bordered, 2214 mm., 35 ets. per 1000; 27 12 mm., 45 cts. per 1000. A set of 100 generic and 586 specific labels, printed on above blanks, for United States and Canadian butterflies, complete to 1876, $1.00. Twelve sheets of printed labels, containing the names of the North Ameri- can States and Territories, of months, and signs for sexes, 2 cts. a sheet, and 2 cts. postage.
Photographs of Prodryas, the first known North American fossil butterfly; of the anatomy of the upper and of the under side of Harpalus caliginosus, and of the under side of Lucanus cervus: each 50 cts.
Transportation on pins and labels, prepaid; on other goods extra.
B: Pickman Mann, Cambridge, Mass.
EARLY STAGES OF BUTTERFLIES WANTED.
The undersigned desires to obtain, by exchange or otherwise, from all parts of the world, eggs, caterpillars and chrysalids of Diurnal Lepidop- tera. Dried specimens are preferred, especially of caterpillars, which should be prepared by in- flation. Correspondence is invited with persons engaged in the study of the early stages of butter- flies. S. H. SCUDDER,
Cambridge, Mass.
NATURAL HISTORY AGENCY.
The undersigned has for sale Entomologists’ ma- terials of all kinds, Insects, and Entomological books.
Collections of insects for beginners or for schools furnished at reasonable rates. Several large collections of American and foreign insects, principally Coleoptera, for sale cheap.
Books and materials in other branches of Nat- ural History procured for parties at a distance, at the lowest prices.
Lists of books, specimens, etc., sent for 10 cents.
E: P. AUSTIN, 46 East Newton St., Boston, Mass.
i
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2 ie CE Eb.
LIFE HISTORY OF PLEOTOMUS PALLENS LEC.
BY HELEN SELINA KING, AUSTIN, TEXAS.
The habitat of this species of the sub- tribe Lampyrini is western Texas, where the mature form appears in May, a month later than several species of Photinus. Both sexes are phosphorescent, the % feebly so, emitting a greenish light, without rays, but sufficiently bright to betray his pres- ence; the ? is much more brilliant, her light being sufficient to show not only her body, but also surrounding objects for a distance of several centimetres. After ovi- position this light declines, and the female, who seems to have assumed the perfect form for the purpose alone of laying eggs, soon dies. She does not feed, and is too helpless to move far from the place of her final metamorphosis, owing to the feeble support which her disproportioned body receives from her feet. When creeping, as she does by spasmodic efforts, she touches objects with her palpi, and moves her head from side to side. The eggs are deposited in one or more pits, which the female makes in the soft moist earth with her abdomen.
The eggs are smooth, round, pale yel- lowish, about the size of black mustard seed, and, as far as I am aware, not phos- phorescent. In six weeks they produce young larvae 4 mm. long, cinereous on dorsum, dull white on venter, and emitting
light from the ventral surface of the poste- rior segment. When fully grown, the larva, except that the color is different, and the body is less depressed, is precisely similar to that of the commonest species of Pho- tinus larva found here, which is perfectly represented in figure 431 of Packard’s ‘* Guide to the Study of Insects.” It has twelve segments exclusive of the head, which latter is composed of two flattened narrower segments, the inner one forming the neck, and both retractile within the thorax. It feeds on snails; and sheds its larval skin at least twice, possibly oftener, before reaching maturity. Under confine- ment in a pot of earth, with snails for food, « it assumes the pupa state in about seven weeks, but it may attain its growth sooner when at large. Both the larval moults and the transformation to pupa are performed by the splitting of the membrane on the pleura through the first three segments, and its removal over the posterior end of the abdomen.
The shield of the $ pupa immediately after its liberation from the larval skin, seems to consist of two fused segments ; the three following segments are narrow, and the middle one of these has a transverse depression suggesting the fusion of two
52 PSYCHE.
segments at that point. Following these are seven abdominal segments. The pec- tinate antennae and the wing cases are seen, and on the propygidium the phospho- rescent vesicles are visible as clear greenish yellow spots. From the terminal segment are two straight processes. The pleural region, antennae, and feet distinguish this pupa from those of Photinus. The final metamorphosis takes place in six days.
The ¢ form assumed the pupa condition one week later than the %. It has two white tubercles or small processes on the sides of the wing-bearing segments, indi- cating the position of the future rudiment- ary elytra. The pleural region is different from that of the $, and the parts of the mouth are not sheathed separately as in the %, but are as it were muzzled. An- tennae and eyes are not visible; the shield seems to consist of two fused segments, as seen through the thin membrane. There are seven abdominal segments. The whole body is of a salmon color. This pupa ma- tures in six days and perfects as an apter- ous imago with rudimentary elytra.
Thus we find that under artificial man- agement the eggs will mature sufficiently to hatch in five weeks, the larva requires about seven weeks to reach the pupa stage, and the latter lasts only six days, the $ in one instance accomplishing its cycle one week sooner than the 2. In a few days after becoming perfect, the % dies, and the ?, after wandering a little, lays her eggs and dies also.
Pleotomus pallens % is rare. covered by the prothorax. dark-purplish, contiguous. Labial palpi visible at tip. Maxillary palpi small. Mandibles not prominent, very small. An-
Head Eyes large,
tennae short, approximate, 14-jointed, bi- pectinate, usually folded so as to seem uni- pectinate, situated in front of the eyes and parallel with anterior edge of the prothorax, their tips recurved, color fuscotestaceous. Prothorax finely punctulate, subhyaline, el- evated at its base; its sides beneath em- bracing the neck and forming a collar for the head when the latter is protruded: it is broader than in the ordinary species of firefly, fuscotestaceous, with rosy centre in some, in others with transverse, irregu- lar confluent pink spots on the posterior part; the flanks beneath this part are also pink. Elytra striate, elevated at their base, the concave humeral region em- bracing the sides of the abdomen, whence the elytra slope backward to a narrow de- hiscent point, leaving nearly three segments visible. Wings same length as elytra, and smoke color. Feet feeble and compressed, same color as the body. Seven ventral segments short, the last one pointed and partly retracted within the penultimate, which is emarginate.
On the last abdominal ring there is a spot on the anterior, outer margin of dor- sum and venter, seen in the day as of a deeper yellow than the surrounding parts. Through this at night comes the phosphor- escence, not in flashes, but as two oval spots, equally evident above and below, but more feeble than in any other firefly known tome. The % has the same quick spasmodic motion noticed in the 2. He feeds sparingly on the common garden snail, probably on its slime, being, I should think, too feeble to be actively aggressive, though I have seen him cling to a snail shell with much persistency.
Pleotomus pallens ¢ , though apparently
v
PSYCHE.
more abundant than the %, is yet compar- atively rare. It is of a buff or salmon color, with eleven segments, pink on their posterior margins, and overlapping. Head narrow, with projecting muzzle, but im- perfect organs of manducation. Eyes small, round, black, on sides of the head. Anten- nae shorter than thorax, approximate, sit- uated in front of the eye, pale yellow, fee- bly pectinate. Thorax with margin re- flexed, subrugose. Adjoining the shield are the rudimentary elytra, semicircular and very small. Feet feeble, compressed ; the body is disproportionately large, and
) as)
the insect consequently moves with sudden nervous action, and pauses every few steps.
Though there are no special phosphores- cent vesicles visible through the membrane, yet it emits light from the entire ventral surface of the three posterior segments. This is very brilliant, and when less intense posteriorly, appears diffused over the body. This brilliancy continues until oviposition. This @ insect is similar to Packard’s illus- tration 428, of an apterous ¢ from Mada- gascar, plus the aborted elytra and pectin- ate antennae.
NOTE ON NORTH AMERICAN TRYPETIDAE.
BY CHARLES ROBERT OSTEN SACKEN, HEIDELBERG, GERMANY.
- Among a number of diptera, collected by Mr. J. Boll in Dallas, Texas, and purchased by me in Geneva a short time ago, there were 25 % and 2 specimens of a Trypeta, bearing on a label ‘‘ bred from galls on Ambrosia.” The insect could be easily identified with 7’. gibba Loew, and as the habits of this species were hitherto un- known, I deem it worth the while to put Mr. Boll’s observation on record.
The gall, which is likewise in the collec- tion, is an oblong swelling of the stem, probably terminal.
The habits of the following North Amer- ican Trypeta have been hitherto investi- gated and published (the name of the dis- coverer is in parentheses) : —
Rhagoletis pomonella.— Fruit of the apple-tree (Walsh). Oedaspis polita. —Gall on Solidago (O. S.).
« gibba. — Gall on Ambrosia (Boll). Eurosta solidaginis. — Gall on Solidago (Harris). ELutreta diana.—Gall on Artemisia tridentata
(Riley). Aspilota alba. — Seeds of Vernonia (Riley).
This is a very small number, in compari- son to that of the described N. A. Trypeta ; but the most striking circumstance in con- nection with it is that among six Trypeta, whose habits are known, not less than four should occur in galls, and only one in the heads of a composite flower. In Europe the Trypeta bred from galls form an imper- ceptible minority, and most of the species are obtained from the heads of composites. Compare, for instance, the list of 60 species bred by Frauenfeld (Verh. k.-k. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, 1863, p. 221-224), among which only three formed galls on the stem of the plant.
It would be worth while for American entomologists to collect dry heads of com- posite plants in autumn, for the purpose of breeding Trypeta ; a large number of new species of these pretty flies would probably be obtained.
September, 1879.
o4
PSY CEE.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS., APRIL 1880.
Communications, exchanges and editors’ copies should be addressed to EDITORS OF PSYCHE, Cambridge, Mass Communications for publication in PSYCHE must be properly authenticated, and no anonymous articles will be published.
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PROCEEDINGS OF SOCIETIES.
ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE BOSTON SO
CIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY.
28 Jan. 1880.— Mr. S: H. Seudder showed some excellent drawings of fossil hemiptera, made by J. H. Blake.— Dr. H. A. Hagen read an additional note upon the larva and fly sup- posed to have been taken from a girl’s neck, in Toronto, and gave a list of the instances in which Sarcophaga had been found in the human body. He also read a paper on the literature relating to galls. — Mr. E: Burgess described the struc- ture and physiology of a butterfly’s proboscis.
25 Fes. 1880.— Mr. S: H. Seudder showed some plates on which were figured all the fossil insects known from British Columbia. — Dr. H A. Hagen read a paper on the mouth of Nemo- gnatha, criticising Hermann Miiller’s speculations on the development of the insect proboscis. Dr. Hagen discussed the results of Dr. Palmen’s studies on the tracheal system of insects, de scribing his own views of the condition of the stigmata during pupation, &c., and showed speci- mens and drawings to illustrate the respiratory apparatus of many water insects. — Mr. E: Bur- gess made further remarks on the structure of the butterfly proboscis.
24 Mar. 1880. — Mr. E: Burgess showed under the microscope the structure and explained the
PSYCHE.
workings of the pharyngeal bulb in the head of lepidoptera ; he showed also the structure and arrangement of the muscles in the proboscis.
B: Pickman Mann, Secretary.
REVIEWS.
Katter’s Inpex Enromoxocicus Pars 1 [see Rec., no. 1610] is a list of the entomologists of Europe as far as its author has been able to learn their names, together with their addresses, the departments of entomology to which they give theiz especial attention, and an indication of those desiring to exchange specimens. To the above is added a list, extracted from the Natural- ists’ Directory (Salem, 1878), of 73 American col- lectors desiring to exchange, and a list of the entomological societies and publications of the world. Although the list is defective for coun- tries outside of Germany, yet the following com- parison, based on a hasty count, not including the five pages of additions and errata, may ke of interest. The entomologists and collectors enu- merated are distributed as follows: Germany, 740; Austria, 213; Switzerland, 97; Holland, 84; Belgium, 95; Italy, 128; Spain, 19; Portu- gal,2; Greece, 3; Roumania,1; Russia, 58 ; Fin- land, 8; Sweden, 26; Norway, 2; Denmark, 4; England, 435; Scotland, 15; Ireland, 3; France (whose coleopterists are not included), 197; total, 2126. Of entomological societies, Europe is cred- ited with 17; America, 4, and Australia, 1.
GaD:
BERNHARD GERHARD’s catalog of the macro- lepidoptera of North America [see Rec., no. 1594] seems to have received but little notice at the hands of entomologists. Like most publications of its kind which have been compiled in localities distant from the land the fauna of which they enumerate, Gerhard’s catalog is imperfect and incomplete in many particulars. This catalog assumes to give the synonymy of our species, but contains the names of only 103 genera of rhopalocera out of over 150 names which may fairly be termed in modern use. It is useless to call attention to special errors, as our species are so well cataloged by American writers. G: D.
PSYCHE.
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RECORD.
Authors and societies are requested to forward their works to the editors as soon as published. The date of publication, given in brackets [ ], marks the time at which the work was received, unless an
earlier date of publication is known to recorder or editor.
rectly from the work that is noticed.
Unless otherwise stated each record is made di-
Corrections of errors and notices of omissions are solicited.
Abbott, C:C. Swarming of a brood of winged ants [formica]. (Amer. nat., June 1873, v. 7, p- 369-372.)
G:D. (1556)
Aldrich, C: Wrens and the bee-moth. (Amer. nat., April 1879, v. 13, p. 262.) Thinks wrens, which nested near hives of apis mellifica, lessened the number of galleria cereana. r: D. (1557)
[American association for the advancement of science — Entomological club — Saratoga | N. Y.] meeting (1879).] Convention of scientists. (Springfield |Mass.] d. republican, 27 Aug. 1879, p. 4, col. 6, 10 em.)
Notice of the meeting of the association, and of the doings of the club. G: D. (1558)
Balfour, Francis Maitland. On certain points in the anatomy of peripatus capensis. (Zool. Anzeiger, 23 June 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 8332-335.) Affinities of peripatus based upon study of the segmental
organs, the nervous system and the so-called fat bodies of Moseley. G: D. (1559)
Baly, Joseph 8. Descriptions of a new genus and of new species of halticinae. (Ann. and mag. nat. hist., April 1878, s. 5, v. 1, p. 312.)
Describes the genus oedionychis, and o. recticollis and o.
chevrolatii, from Mexico. R. H. (1560) Boisduval, Jean Alphonse. Species général des lépidopteres hétéroceres. Par MM. Bois-
duval et Guenée. Tome ler. Sphingides, Sésii-
des, Castnides. Paris, Roret, 1874. 4-+ 568
p., 23 X 16.
General classification and description of species of the families mentioned. References to the discussion of North American material are contained in Psycur, 1879, v. 2, p. 265-270. B: P.M. (1561)
Bowditch, F: C. Habits of monohammus den-
tator. (Amer. nat., Aug. 1873, v. 7, p. 498- 500.) : Describes larva, pupa, and borings in pinus mitis.
G: D. (1562)
Breitenbach, Wilhelm. Ueber die Function der Saftbohrer der Schmetterlingsriissel. (En- tom. Nachrichten, 15 Feb. 1880, jahrg. 6, p. 29- 34.)
Discusses the function of Fritz Miiller’s *‘ Schmeckstifte ””
on the end of the proboscis of lepidoptera. G: D. (1563)
Breitenbach, Wilhelm. Zur Systematik der Lepidopteren. (Zool. Anzeiger, 11 Aug. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 427-428.) .
Consideration of the appendages of the proboscis as a
basis for grouping lepidoptera. G: D, (1564)
Brendel, F: Intelligence in canthon. (Amer. nat., Oct. 1879, v. 18, p. 654-655.)
G: D. (1565)
Cochineal insect (The). (Journ. applied sci.,
Jan. 1880, v. 11, p. 11, 27 cm.)
Reprint of H. B. M.’s ‘‘Curious facts concerning the cochineal insect...’ (Sci. amer., 22 Nov. 1879, v. 4, p. 325, col. 1,) [Psycue, Rec., no. 1536].
G: D. (1566)
Colman, A. R. Premium essay on the dis- eases of swine. (Trans. dept. agric. state of Ill. for 1877, 1878, v. 15, [n. s., v. 7,] p. 823-850, 6 fig.)
Treats (p. 328-331, fig. 3) of mange or itch — scabies —
caused by sarcoptes suis, and gives a highly magnified figure of the insect. B: P. M. (1567)
Cook, Albert J: A formidable bee-enemy, mu- tilla coccinia. (Amer. bee journ., 1879, y. 15, p- 464.)
Enters hives and kills and eats bees. the attacks of the bees.
Seems not to mind Found from Mo. to Texas. A.J: C. (1568)
Cook, Albert J: Another bee enemy, erax? (Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 399.)
A species of erax from Louisiana kills bees ; described and figured. A.J: C. (1569)
Cook, Albert J: Bee enemy, séivetrus diana. (Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 370.)
This bug sucks the blood from the bees in North Caro- lina. A.J: C. (1570)
Cook, Albert J: Honey dew on the tamarack. (Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 553.)
This nectar appears in great quantity, and is very attrac- tive to the bees. It is shown to come from the lachnus ca- ricifex. The character and habits of the louse are de- scribed. A.J: C. (1571)
Cook, Albert J: Thelecanium of the tulip tree. (Amer. nat., May 1879, v. 13, p. 824-826, il.) Describes and figures females of lecanium tulipiferae, a new species found on Jiliodendron tulipifera, at Lansing, Michigan. Apis mellifica collects the exudation from this lecanium. How to destroy lecanium tulipiferae. G: D. (1572)
Cook, Albert J: Parthenogenesis in the honey- bee. (Amer. nat., June 1879, v.15, p. 395-394.) Defense of Dzierzon’s theory of parthenogenesis of apis
mellifica against the statements quoted in ‘‘ The oviposition
of the queen bee and Dzierzon’s theory’? (Amer. nat.,
April 1879, v. 13, p. 260-261) [Psycue, Rec., no. 1621]. A
note by Editors Naturalist is added. G: D. (1573)
56 [1574-1593]
Cook, Albert J: Pollen masses of species of
asclepias not destructive to bees. (Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 426.) A.J: C. (1574)
Cook, Albert J: The sting of the worker bee. (Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 542, il.)
The sting and method of using it are described.
A. J: C. (1575)
Cook, Albert J: The tongue of the honey bee. (Amer. bee journ., 1879, vy. 15, p. 490, il.)
The tongue and the method of sipping honey are de- scribed. A.J: C. (1576)
Corey, J:G. Remedy for foul brood. (Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 324.) This is a fungoid disease, fatal to larval bees. ‘‘ A sure cure ’’ is described. AN JeIC IST)
Croneberg, A. Ueber die Giftdriisen von solpuga. (Zool. Anzeiger, 25 Aug. 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 450-451.)
G: D. (1578)
Dadant, C: Granulation of honcy a test of purity. (Amer. bee journ., 1879, v. 15, p. 1.)
It is asserted that only pure honey granulates, though some kinds of honey will not crystalize. A.J: C. (1579)
Decoction of the tomato-plant [/ycopersicum esculentum] as an insecticide. (New remedies, Oct. 1879, v. 8, p. 294, 4 cm.)
From Pharm. journ. and trans.; originally from the Deutsche Gdriner-Zeitung. G: D. (1580)
Dewitz, H. Insectenmisbildung. (Zool. An- zeiger, 10 March 1879, jahrg. 2, p. 154-136, 1 fig.
mee on the left side of the breast of the larva of atia
insularis from Cuba. G: D. (1581)
Dezso, Béla. Uber den Zusammenhang der Kreislaufs- und respiratorischen Organe bei den Arthropoden. (Zool. Anzeiger, 11 Nov. 1878, jahrg. 1, p. 274.)
Brief summary of results of study at the zoological sta- tion at Triest. ‘*In the insecta, arachnida and myriapoda
there are as many pairs of openings in the dorsal vessel as there are pairs of stigmata.” G: D. (1582)
{[Doryphora decemlineata reduces the starch- production of Coos co., N. H. to one-tenth what it formerly was.] (Springfield [Mass.] d. republican, 28 Nov. 1879, p. 6, col. 6, 2 cm.)
G: D. (1583)
Edwards, W: H: Ueber das Erziehen der Tagfalter aus Eiern. (Entom. Zeitung... zu Stettin, Oct.—Dec. 1879, jahrg. 40, p. 455-456.)
How to obtain eggs of butterflies for rearing. G: D. (1584)
Eichhoff, W. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Borkenkifer [scolytidae]. (Entom. Zeit- ung...zu Stettin, Oct—Dec. 1879, jahrg. 40, p- 501-506.)
On European species.
G: D. (1585)
PSYCHE.
Engelmann, Th. W. Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Spinndriisen der Seidenraupe. (Zool. Anzeiger, 26 Aug. 1878, jahrg. 1, p. 100- 102.)
According to researches made upon bombyxz mori by Th. W. van Lidth de Jeude. GED. (1586)
Fabre, J. H. Souvenirs entomologiques : Etudes sur l’instinct et les mceurs des insectes. Paris, C. Delagrave, 1879. t,-p. cover, [4+ ]
824 p., 19 X 12,t14 85. 3 fr. 50c.
Biological observations and experiments upon different insects.
Contents: Le scarabée sacré, La volitre, Le cerceris bu- presticide, Le cerceris tuberculé, Un savant tueur, Le sphex a ailes jaunes, Les trois coups de poignard, La larve et la nymphe, Les hautes théories, Le sphex languedocien, Sci-